后发工业国技术从模仿到创新的路径、动力与选择机制--基于汽车产业拉美模式、日韩模式和中国模式的比较分析

后发工业国从模仿到创新的技术战略演进路径呈现多样性,为解释后发工业国汽车产业技术演进路径差异和选择,通过构造一个以企业家精神和企业技术能力成长为主要内驱力,市场需求、技术发展和溢出为拉力、研发投入和产业激励政策为推力,高昂技术学习成本和企业创新惯例和惰性等为阻力以及市场竞争和约束性产业政策为压力的汽车产业技术演进动力模型,比较分析了后发工业国汽车产业技术演进的动力差异和选择机制,并为中国汽车产业技术能力的发展提供有益建议.     

A Generalization of Geometric Brownian Motion with Applications

Although geometric Brownian motion has a great variety of applications, it can not cover all the random phenomena. The purpose of this article is to propose a model that generalizes geometric Brownian motion. We present some interesting applications of this model in financial engineering and statistical inferences for the unknown parameters.     

An Improved Test for Continuous Local Martingales

We present a new test for the “continuous martingale hypothesis”. That is, a test for the hypothesis that observed data are from a process which is a continuous local martingale. The basis of the test is an embedded random walk at first passage times, obtained from the well-known representation of a continuous local martingale as a continuous time-change of Brownian motion. With a variety of simulated diffusion processes our new test shows higher power than existing tests using either the crossing tree or the quadratic variation, including the situation where non-negligible drift is present. The power of the test in the presence of jumps is also explored with a variety of simulated jump diffusion processes. The test is also applied to two sequences of high-frequency foreign exchange trade-by-trade data. In both cases the continuous martingale hypothesis is rejected at times less than hourly and we identify significant dependence in price movements at these small scales.     

Almost Periodic Solutions for Stochastic Differential Equations Driven By G-Brownian Motion

In this paper, we introduce the concept of the p-mean almost periodicity for stochastic processes in non linear expectation spaces. The existence and uniqueness of square-mean almost periodic solutions to some non linear stochastic differential equations driven by G-Brownian motion are established under some assumptions for the coefficients. The asymptotic stability of the unique square-mean almost periodic solution in the square-mean sense is also discussed.     

Operating Characteristics for Group Sequential Trials Monitored Under Fractional Brownian Motion

Brownian motion has been used to derive stopping boundaries for group sequential trials, however, when we observe dependent increment in the data, fractional Brownian motion is an alternative to be considered to model such data. In this article we compared expected sample sizes and stopping times for different stopping boundaries based on the power family alpha spending function under various values of Hurst coefficient. Results showed that the expected sample sizes and stopping times will decrease and power increases when the Hurst coefficient increases. With same Hurst coefficient, the closer the boundaries are to that of O'Brien-Fleming, the higher the expected sample sizes and stopping times are; however, power has a decreasing trend for values start from H = 0.6 (early analysis), 0.7 (equal space), 0.8 (late analysis). We also illustrate study design changes using results from the BHAT study.     

Tests for Symmetry Based on the One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Statistic

ABSTRACT

The one-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test was originally designed to test for a specified median, under the assumption that the distribution is symmetric, but it can also serve as a test for symmetry if the median is known. In this article we derive the Wilcoxon statistic as the first component of Pearson's X ² statistic for independence in a particularly constructed contingency table. The second and third components are new test statistics for symmetry. In the second part of the article, the Wilcoxon test is extended so that symmetry around the median and symmetry in the tails can be examined seperately. A trimming proportion is used to split the observations in the tails from those around the median. We further extend the method so that no arbitrary choice for the trimming proportion has to be made. Finally, the new tests are compared to other tests for symmetry in a simulation study. It is concluded that our tests often have substantially greater powers than most other tests.     

单摆非线性运动方程的微扰近似解法

本文研究具有阻尼因素的单摆非线性运动规律。根据相应的线性运动方程精确解,通过求解修正项,给出逐步逼近的近似解方法,并讨论了解的误差问题。     

Discrete–Time Approximations of the Holmström–Milgrom Brownian–Motion Model of Intertemporal Incentive Provision

This paper studies the relation between discrete–time and continuous–time principal–agent models. We derive the continuous–time model as a limit of discrete–time models with ever shorter periods and show that optimal incentive schemes in the discrete–time models approximate the optimal incentive scheme in the continuous model, which is linear in accounts. Under the additional assumption that the principal observes only cumulative total profits at the end and the agent can destroy profits unnoticed, an incentive scheme that is linear in total profits is shown to be approximately optimal in the discrete–time model when the length of the period is small.     

次分数布朗运动下带交易费用的备兑权证定价

为了体现金融资产的长记忆性,采用次分数布朗运动刻画备兑权证标的资产价格变化的行为模式。利用随机分析理论和偏微分方程方法,建立了次分数布朗运动下带交易费用的备兑权证定价模型,进一步研究了定价模型的参数估计问题。最后,采用我国权证市场实际数据进行了实证分析,通过比较不同定价模型的结果说明了长记忆性和交易费用对定价结果有着显著的影响。