Counseling for the Family: The Neglected Aspect of Addiction Treatment in Canada

ABSTRACT

There has been a historic neglect of both research and practice in the area of counselling for the family members of alcohol or other drug abusers by the addiction field in Canada. As a result, treatment for individual family members affected by alcoholism and other drug addiction remains a neglected component of the majority of Canadian addiction programs. When family involvement is incorporated, the tendency has been to concentrate on orientation and education rather than on the provision of counseling for the family members. This dearth of programming exists despite the knowledge that an active alcohol or drug abuser's behaviour disrupts the entire family system, including the functioning and development of children. Each family member is uniquely affected with negative outcomes ranging from economic hardship to violence being perpetrated against them to an increased risk among children of becoming alcohol or drug abusers themselves. Thus, treating only the active alcohol or other drug abuser is limiting and an overly narrow orientation for the enhancement of both family and community health.     

外商投资国民待遇制度与反垄断立法

文章分析了当前中国外商投资法律制度的建立、现状以及未来的发展方向 ,同时分析了反垄断法在外商投资法律制度中的意义 ,指出尽快制定反垄断法的现实意义 ,并结合中国当前实际情况 ,提出加强中国企业竞争力是防止外资垄断的重要途径     

Drug addiction as a lifestyle

Drug addict rehabilitation programs receive a small proportion of the funds made available through the social welfare system. Emphasis has traditionally been placed on the pathological rather than the salutogenic elements of an addicted lifestyle. A new test of a person's sense of coherence in life (Antonovsky's 9-item Sense of Coherence scale) may be of interest in rehabilitation work with drug addicts, and in focusing more attention on this aspect of addiction treatment. Thirty drug addicts in treatment and rehabilitation and 10 former drug addicts were interviewed using the 9-item Sense of Coherence scale. The results obtained were compared to a well known test of distress, the 24-item Symptom Checklist. Drug addicts in treatment facilities had significantly lower mean scores on the 9-item Sense of Coherence scale (2.3) and higher scores on the 24-item Symptom Checklist (2.3) than both drug addicts in rehabilitatively oriented institutions (3.3 and 1.6) and the long-term rehabilitated non-using former drug addicts (4.2 and 1.5 respectively). The differences between the group in rehabilitation and the former drug addicts were also statistically significant. The levels of the two psychometric tests suggested a gradual movement towards normal values and an increased sense of meaning in life among the former drug addicts, contrary to findings by other researchers. The length of time before these tests return to normal values may exceed the observation period often used in follow-up at treatment facilities. Increased social welfare may follow if a disclosure of salutogenic possibilities in drug addicts is obtained. Further prospective research is, however, necessary to confirm our findings.     

鸦片战争后美国在华获得片面最惠国待遇问题探析

最惠国待遇条款是近代中美关系史上的一项重要条约内容。从1844年中美签订《望厦条约》起,美国即紧随英国之后在华获得了片面最惠国待遇。美国能够获得这项条款,与英国对华谈判的既定立场、清政府对美谈判所持的"一视同仁"方针、美国来华缔约谈判的既定目标,以及英美在谈判过程中的遥相呼应都有关系。而这项条款的措辞,界定了最惠国待遇极广泛的外延解释余地,并且在内容上规定了中国单方面给惠,由此才形成了中国近代史上贻害无穷的广泛的片面无条件最惠国待遇条款。     

我国对外资实行国民待遇原则的法律实践

对外资实行国民待遇,一般指东道国给予外资同内资同等的待遇,其内涵需要进一步明确。自1993年以来,我国有关外商投资的法律实践表明,我国已从“整平游戏场地”与“经济法和民商法的统一化”两个方面逐步对外资实行国民待遇原则。这一法律实践的重要意义首先是对在华外资待遇产生了重要影响,其次是推动了我国外资法体系的结构性调整,由相对独立的“单纯”的外资法体系转化为由专门性外资法与统一的经济法和民商法的相关规范构成的“混合法”体系。     

Partitioning with Respect to a Control: Unequal Sample Sizes Case

This article describes a method for partitioning with respect to a control for the situation in which the treatment sample sizes are unequal and also for the situation where the treatment sample sizes are equal except for a few missing values. Calculation of the critical values required for finding confidence limits is discussed and tables are presented for the “almost equal” sample size case. An application of this method to length of stay data for congestive heart failure patients is also provided.     

Nonshared Environment Research

SUMMARY

This review focuses on conceptualizations of nonshared environment and on four areas of research that should be targeted for future growth. It is argued that there are at least two different approaches to the study of nonshared environment. “Experience-oriented” researchers center on sibling differential experiences in the family and their role in children's development. “Outcome-oriented” investigators focus on the search for environmental origins of individual differences in outcomes. Turkheimer and Waldron's (2000) concept of objective versus effective nonshared environment and Reiss and colleagues' (2000) notion of single-system versus multi-system nonshared environment processes are also discussed. Four topics for future research are outlined: (1) age-related changes and development; (2) the role of the self; (3) the role of context; and (4) the importance of extrafamilial experiences. More work in these areas will lead to useful theories of how nonshared environment processes are linked to sibling and individual differences in behavioral development and adjustment.     

A Multi-Dimensional Conceptual Framework for Trauma-Informed Practice in Addictions Programming

Previous research has conceptualized trauma-informed practice in relation to five key values: safety, trust, choice, collaboration, and empowerment. This research identifies key organizational, programmatic, and interpersonal characteristics in community-based residential addictions treatment programming that exemplify each of these principles. Utilizing qualitative research methods, involving open-ended, one to one interviews with clients in residential substance misuse treatment (n = 41), respondents identified the importance of experiencing “safety” in relation to physical safety, confidentiality, reassurance, rule enforcement, and peer relationships. “Trust” was manifested in sharing, staff availability, nonjudgmental interactions, positive relationship dynamics, and caring. “Choice” was articulated in relation to individual needs, participation, opportunities, and focus of efforts. “Collaboration” was characterized in relation to opportunities for feedback, planning, goal setting, specificity, and support. Finally, “empowerment” was characterized by comfort in sharing, trigger management, trauma awareness, and understanding. The findings provide a conceptual framework for a trauma-informed social services organizational practice environment. Findings can inform adaptations to social service delivery processes and programs to become aligned with the values of trauma-informed practice. Future research can build on this framework by testing the study findings with quantitative methods along with replicating current methods in other social service delivery sectors.     

浅析无过错输血感染的处理现状及完善

由于血液检测存在"漏检率"和"窗口期",即使血站和医疗机构严格按规定采、供血和输血,极少部分患者仍会因输血而感染传染性疾病。目前解决这一社会问题的办法还不完善,还不能有效地保护患者、血站和医疗机构的合法权益。文章提出进一步完善社会保障机制和推进输血保险制度,以便更好地解决因无过错感染而引起的医患纠纷。     

自我表露及其作用

有关自我表露的研究是心理学关于自我研究的一个重要领域,心理学家发现,展示个人信息的行为有重要的心理学意义.自我表露是个人成长和自我实现的必要环节,是个体印象管理和应对压力的有效方式,也是心理治疗的重要途径.