从小说《拉维尔斯坦》看贝娄犹太性的转变

 贝娄的最后一部长篇小说《拉维尔斯坦》是他根据同事、好友艾伦·布鲁姆的生平写成的一部传记性小说。小说出版后,在美国批评界引起了很大的反响。称赞者认为该小说的出版是“一个惊人的成就,贝娄数年来写的最富有吸引力的一部作品”;质疑者则认为贝娄“暴露”了布鲁姆的隐私,把布鲁姆搞“同性恋”的事情给泄露了。这牵扯到道德问题,即贝娄无权“将其好友布鲁姆的个人隐私公布于众”。然而,纵观已有的评论,其关注的重点无非是围绕着暴露隐私和有关死亡、友谊、爱情等问题,将一部讨论犹太大屠杀和反犹主义这一重大问题的小说用私人化的方式给消解了。应该说,贝娄在八十四岁高龄创作的这最后一部长篇小说绝不仅仅是单纯地为好友作传,畅谈友谊、爱情和死亡,而且更是对自己的民族文化立场和价值取向的最终定位。从分析小说对大屠杀和反犹主义的表述,我们可以看出作者贝娄的犹太民族立场,即他的犹太性。     

Staging Traumatic Memory: Competing Narratives of State Violence in Post-Communist Hungarian Museums

The article examines the way three contemporary Hungarian museums–the House of Terror Museum, the Jewish Museum and the Holocaust Memorial and Documentation Center–represent the history of the Holocaust and the history of Jewish/non-Jewish relations. Reflecting different political agendas, each of the three museums offers a different interpretation of how the Holocaust fits into the larger narrative of Hungary's 20th century history. The article argues that post-communist public memory has been constructed through debates about these histories. By analyzing the three museums' displays, narratives and the debates surrounding them, the article argues that Hungarian public discourse has yet to come to terms with the meaning and place of “Jewishness” (and the way it has informed “Hungarianness”) in modern Hungarian history. Despite the centrality of Jews and Jewish-non-Jewish relations to the museums' narratives, none are able to offer a clear definition of what “Jewishness” means and how it functioned at different times throughout the 20th century.