美俄关系发展的双重趋势--21世纪美俄关系走向

美俄作为当今世界最有影响的国家,它们之间的相互关系影响着世界格局和各国的对外政策.由于俄罗斯要融入大欧洲,美俄之间相互依靠和互相借重的关系和经济全球化,注定美俄之间的合作伙伴关系的发展趋势.由于国家利益和民族利益的差异性,美国的冷战思维和俄罗斯经济的持续低靡以及民族主义因素决定美俄之间又是竞争关系的发展趋势.     

普及、公平与质量：俄罗斯学前教育政策与实践探析

2010年以来，学前教育一直是俄罗斯教育政策的优先发展领域。在快速普及、提升公平和提高质量价值取向的引导下，俄罗斯通过以下举措促进了学前教育的快速发展：大力加强学前教育的财政投入，设置多样化学前教育机构和班级类型，制定科学合理的课程内容，确保学前教育教师专业发展，构建学前教育质量监测体系。2035年前，俄罗斯学前教育发展的关键方向是：促进学前教育全面普及，进一步增加2个月至3岁儿童的覆盖率，加快私立学前教育的发展，将学前一年纳入义务教育， 缓解学前教育发展不均衡现象，缩小不同地区之间和城乡之间的学前教育发展差距等。俄罗斯学前教育政策与实践对我国学前教育的发展具有一定的启发价值。     

“Naughty,” “Nice,” or “Homo Sapiens:” Gendered Political Toolkits in a Housing Mobilization1

This article advances our understanding of how gender structures political interaction by examining the constraints and opportunities associated with gender in a housing mobilization. These constraints and opportunities are rooted in social and political hierarchies and shaped by the gendered political toolkits: the demarcation of social issues as male or female, gendered political language and gender-appropriate emotions, and the division of activist labor along the lines of gender. Gendered political toolkits cue people when and how it is appropriate to mobilize, which tasks and roles to take on in small, even all-female groups, how to perform and which emotions to express when interacting with outsiders. Activists can experience their gender as a limitation, especially when navigating a political field organized around traditionalist gender norms and expectations. Still, they can also strategically employ the traditionalist perceptions and behaviors. Focusing on the basic level of collective action, activist small groups and their strategies, the article shows how activists navigate the constraints and opportunities of their gender as they mobilize in response to a controversial urban renewal proposal in Moscow, the Renovation program.