外部规制对农户标准化生产遵从行为的影响——以苹果种植户为例

有效的市场需求和效益激励是农业标准化推广实施的基础,在标准化农产品市场有效性不足的情况下,外部规制是农户采纳和遵从标准化生产的重要保障。利用山东、陕西和甘肃960个苹果种植户调查数据,评估农户标准化生产采纳情况,以犯罪经济学分析框架,分析外部规制对农户标准化生产遵从行为的影响。结果表明：尽管部分苹果种植户认可自己生产中进行了无公害生产操作,但实际生产环节却并不相符,存在因“无良”或“无知”造成的标准化生产不遵从问题;规模苹果种植户标准化生产采纳比例明显高于小规模苹果种植户;宣传培训、检查及惩罚显著正向影响苹果种植户遵从标准化生产的程度,而物质扶持对苹果种植户遵从标准化生产并无影响。政府应从加强标准化生产的宣传培训及监督检查方面入手提高农户遵从标准化生产的程度。     

企业合规附条件不起诉制度的优化

近年来,企业合规受到社会广泛关注。当前对于企业合规附条件不起诉制度的探讨,呈现出研究视角片面化、碎片化的固有局限,亟需以更具整体性特征的预防性司法理念为视角,对制度运行的理论基础进行理性追问,剖析面临的多维困境。基于预防性司法理念所蕴含的社会本位和事前积极预防特征,刑事立法与司法当以制度本体的合规化再造为要旨,在适用范围上祛除涉企案件类型限制,在考验期限上延长合规建设时间跨度,在监控主体上构建合规协同监控体系。同时,以内生议题的统筹性安排为依托,助推刑事司法理念的范式更迭,发挥刑事激励机制的实然功用,明定不同程序之间的顺畅衔接,从而构建出中国式企业犯罪治理模式的基本轮廓。     

Compliance Strategies under Permits for Emissions

We characterize the trade‐offs among firms' compliance strategies in a market‐based program where a regulator interested in controlling emissions from a given set of sources auctions off a fixed number of emissions permits. We model a three‐stage game in which firms invest in emissions abatement, participate in a share auction for permits, and produce output. We develop a methodology for a profit‐maximizing firm to derive its marginal value function for permits and translate this value function into an optimal bidding strategy in the auction. We analyze two end‐product market scenarios independent demands and Cournot competition. In both scenarios we find that changing the number of available permits influences abatement to a lesser extent in a dirty industry than in a cleaner one. In addition, abatement levels taper off with increasing industry dirtiness levels. In the presence of competition, firms in a relatively clean industry can, in fact, benefit from a reduction in the number of available permits. Our findings are robust to changes in certain modeling assumptions.     

How could conditional cash transfer programme conditionalities reinforce vulnerability? Non‐compliers and policy implementation gaps in Uruguay's Family Allowances

Influential research shows that conditionalities could incentivize recipients of conditional cash transfer programmes (CCTs) to send their children to school and to regular health check‐ups. However, a growing literature is elucidating the risks of conditional transfers, from both a philosophical and an empirical perspective. This article highlights the varied deficits that have accompanied the implementation process in some Latin American countries, as well as the consequences that these deficits might have on the beneficiaries. In particular, it suggests that, rather than reducing vulnerability by improving access to services, conditionalities could be reinforcing vulnerability among non‐compliers if non‐compliance leads to the immediate suspension of the cash transfer and if this sanction is poorly implemented. While this hypothesis has gained attention and is part of both an academic and a political debate, empirical research around it is scarce. This article is an attempt to start filling this gap by focusing on the implementation process of conditionalities in a CCT programme in Uruguay (Family Allowances) and how this is experienced by a group of recipients who failed to comply with the conditionalities and were sanctioned with the suspension of the benefit. In particular, it identifies the main reasons why these beneficiaries did not comply, how they experience the sanction and how they managed—when they do—to apply for the benefit to be restored. Based on a qualitative design of in‐depth interviews, it provides empirical evidence to unpack causal relationships linking conditionalities to increased vulnerability among non‐compliers. Our findings offer evidence on the role played by the conditionalities in reinforcing vulnerability and the possible causal mechanisms that could be operating between both phenomena. This picture of policy implementation constraints that could lead conditionalities to reinforce vulnerability among recipients could be relevant to policy‐makers having to deal with non‐compliance and managing sanctions in CCTs.     

Tax compliance depends on voice of taxpayers

Reducing the social distance between taxpayers and tax authorities boosts taxpayers’ acceptance of tax load and tax compliance. In the present experiment participants had the opportunity to pay their tax due either as one single compliance decision or as separate compliance decisions for each type of requested contribution (coined voice on contributions). In addition, contributions were either distributed according to a fixed scheme exogenously chosen, or participants had the possibility to change the distribution pattern (coined voice on distribution). Furthermore information about participants’ contributions was either clearly related to the tax context or related to government public expenditures (coined context). Besides analyzing the effect of voice and context on compliance, order of tax payments was controlled for in the analyses. Results show that having voice on tax contributions and on tax distribution leads to higher compliance. Moreover, compliance was higher in the context avoiding tax framing.     

《水浒传》三纲观念识要——与《三国演义》、《红楼梦》作比较谈

＂三纲＂是中国封建社会中三种最主要的道德观念。《水浒传》与《三国演义》对其是恭奉,《红楼梦》对其是讥讽。《水浒传》与《三国演义》不只恭奉＂朋友而兄弟,兄弟而又主臣＂的君臣观,而且还恭奉＂执一而忠,有死不贰＂的君臣观;不只恭奉＂天下土地,唯有德者居之＂的君道观,而且还恭奉＂良禽择木而栖,贤臣择主而事＂的臣道观。《水浒传》与《三国演义》对＂父为子纲＂是恪守的,意在＂移孝为忠＂。《红楼梦》则反对仕途经济道路,＂父与子＂的矛盾成了小说的主轴。《水浒传》与《三国演义》皆宣扬＂男尊女卑＂,《红楼梦》则反之,认为＂男尊女卑＂的观念是不合理的,认为＂夫为妻纲＂的观念是不合理的,认为以男性居于社会中心统治地位的封建等级思想和制度,是不合理的。     

Inconsistent style of leadership as a predictor of safety behaviour

Abstract

Research on the effects of passive rather than transformational styles of leadership is limited, especially regarding safety-related outcomes in the workplace. Both styles of leadership can be exhibited at different times in the same individual; here we refer to this as inconsistent leadership. In this study, we examine the effect of inconsistent safety-specific leadership style on the safety participation and safety compliance of employees. Operationalized as the interaction of safety-specific transformational leadership and passive leadership, inconsistent safety leadership emerged as a significant predictor of both outcomes in two samples in Canada: a sample of 241 young workers and again in a sample of 491 older workers, who were long-term health care employees. We found that a transformational safety-specific leadership style was associated with greater safety compliance and safety participation in employees. Furthermore, in all cases, the predictive effect of transformational style of leadership on safety participation and safety compliance was attenuated when leaders also displayed passive leadership with respect to safety outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications for safety management are discussed.     

Statistical Evaluation of the New Zealand Food Safety Authority Sampling Protocol for Imported Food

The New Zealand Food Safety Authority sampling protocol for compliance inspection of imported food products is evaluated for its ability to provide consumer protection. The sampling protocol involves both partial testing of imported consignments and complete skipping inspection of consignments based on the quality history. The risk posed by the strategies of partial testing and skipping inspection of imports is evaluated using the average outgoing quality limit and other performance measures. The cost dimension of sampling inspection is also considered. Suggestions for improvement, which include tightening the skipping inspection parameters, are made.     

Child Sexual Abuse Evaluations: Adherence to Recommendations

ABSTRACT

Sixty-eight parents of children with alleged child sexual abuse (CSA) were surveyed 4 months after visiting an interdisciplinary CSA evaluation clinic in order to examine the extent to which recommendations were recalled and implemented. Of those parents for whom specific recommendations were provided, 9% recalled recommendations for medical follow-up, 79% recalled recommendations for child therapy, and 43% recalled recommendations for parental therapy. Families were more likely to receive and adhere to recommendations when there were behavioral problems and a strong indication of CSA. To improve communication with families, the reasons for recommendations must be clearly conveyed, and possible barriers to implementation should be anticipated and addressed. In addition, recommendations need to be realistic, and professionals need to facilitate the implementation of their treatment plan.     

Negotiating Compliance: The Case of Autonomous Hospitals in Vietnam

Maternal death is one of the highest causes of global mortality. Governments have long used regulation to improve maternal health but concurrent fiscal‐decentralisation reforms can undermine clinical performance. This article focuses on public Vietnamese hospitals to explore how regulatory compliance is pursued in decentralised health facilities, since Vietnam has seen increasing autonomisation of public hospitals in the last decade while simultaneously experiencing marked reductions in the maternal mortality ratio. Our analysis suggests that autonomisation has allowed regional regulatory regimes to emerge and that regulatory compliance must compete with other priorities. Compliance can therefore be rethought as a negotiation having implications for how government and maternal health advocates persuade self‐sufficient hospitals to take on wider health‐system goals.