Young children's perceptions and beliefs about hypothetical shy,unsociable, and socially avoidant peers at school

The aim of this study was to explore young children's perceptions, beliefs, and anticipated outcomes about different types of social withdrawal (shyness, unsociability, social avoidance). Participants were N = 212 children (n = 110 boys) aged 2.55–6.37 years (M = 4.86, SD = 0.89) recruited from three preschools and kindergartens in Italy. Children were interviewed individually and asked about hypothetical peers displaying different types of social withdrawal (i.e., shy, unsociable, socially avoidant) and for comparison purposes, aggressive and socially competent behaviors were also assessed. Among the three vignettes depicting types of withdrawn children, children rated the hypothetical shy peer as having the highest social motivations, the unsociable peer as receiving the least sympathy from others, and the avoidant peer as being the least intelligent and least liked by the teacher. In addition, girls reported wanting to play more with the shy peer than boys, and kindergarteners reported a higher affiliative preference for all subtypes of socially withdrawn peers than preschoolers. These findings suggest that Italian young children have a quite sophisticated ability to differentiate among the different social motivations and emotions that may underlie social withdrawal.     

基于碳减排技术的竞争供应链投资均衡策略研究

本文以两条竞争供应链（每条供应链均包含一个制造商和一个零售商）为研究对象，基于其是否采用碳减排技术，构建了两条供应链均不采用碳减排技术（NN情景）、供应链1采用碳减排技术（AN情景），供应链2采用碳减排技术（NA情景），及两条供应链均采用碳减排技术（AA情景）的收益模型，求解出相应的最优解并探讨了竞争供应链投资碳减排技术的均衡策略。研究发现：当碳税较低时，AA情景是竞争供应链的均衡策略；当碳税适中时，生产成本较高的供应链不采用减排技术，而其竞争供应链将采用减排技术以提升竞争力；当碳税较高时，NN情景是竞争供应链的均衡策略。此外，当供应链间竞争强度较弱时，政府可适当提高碳税标准；当供应链间竞争较为激烈时，政府应降低碳税以引导企业采用碳减排技术。     

Effective tax rates and firm size in Ethiopia

The literature on Effective Tax Rates (ETRs) focuses on high‐ and middle‐income countries, but there is very little evidence on low‐income countries. This article addresses this gap with new evidence from Ethiopia. We investigate corporate ETRs in Ethiopia and whether the distributional effects they have in practice are in line with the corporate tax policy design. We calculate ETRs in line with the literature in this field, using profit tax at the numerator and gross profit at the denominator. We then analyse ETRs not only using panel data, focusing particularly on their relation to firm size, but also including other explanatory variables. Our main result is that, despite a proportional tax rate, small firms face a higher effective tax burden than larger firms, while middle‐sized firms face the lowest burden of all. We highlight that tax systems can have practical implications that differ largely from their policy design, due to compliance costs and imperfect enforcement. Measures to reduce compliance costs for small firms are particularly recommended.     

环保税制下政府规制对企业减排的影响——基于演化博弈的分析

以新环保税制为背景,将环境保护税与政府其他环境规制行为结合起来,运用演化博弈理论,研究地方政府与排污企业的策略互动行为,并将公众举报纳入政府收益函数当中。基于地方政府及排污企业不同策略间净收益的大小,得到12种演化路径,以此为基础将企业减排创新的过程分为发展、成长和成熟期进行数值仿真。结果表明:政府监管强度对企业减排的影响程度视后者减排净收益大小而定,而前者强弱与否主要取决于监管成本的高低;企业减排发展初期过低的环保税率并不会引致企业进行减排技术创新;减排成长期的企业进行减排创新的决策则视政府策略而定;处于成熟期的减排企业则会主动进行减排技术创新。因此,在多种规制工具并行的前提下,政府应视企业所处发展周期的不同制定环保税率,同时辅以一定的税收减免和补贴力度,以降低企业治污成本,促使排污企业在生产过程中向减排技术创新演化。     

税收政策支持养老服务业发展的国际比较及启示

在《关于推进养老服务发展的意见》中,国务院强调了政府对养老服务发展的支持。在此背景下,政府如何以税收政策支持本国养老服务的发展？是降低企业所得税、个人所得税及相关税种税率,还是根据我国现代税收制度和现实国情搭建有效的养老税收政策体系呢？文章分析了三个具有代表性的国家、地区的养老服务业的发展状况,各国养老税收政策演进与变迁的路径及其内容与特点,进而提出了我国近期养老税收政策的方向。     

18世纪英国关于犬类税的争论

在近代英国,针对过多犬类对于公共健康、财产安全、狩猎法维护与济贫等造成的问题,民众与政府在犬类管理上经历一个由屠杀到征税的过程。对犬类征税旨在限制其数量,但是也引发了持续整个18世纪的争论。在国家权力限度、狩猎法改革、公共道德改革等方面的争论反映出养犬长期成为英国社会问题的归因指向。直到18世纪下半期,动物主体权利的主张开始出现,犬类地位上升,养犬才由多余成为必需。1796年《犬类税法》的通过以立法的形式肯定了这种变化,从而保障了英国普通民众养犬的权利。     

比较法视野下我国电子商务税收立法的实现路径

电子商务的迅猛发展及不健全的电子商务税收制度引发了我国税收征管困难、税源流失日益严重的问题。通过对各国电子商务税收立法制度的比较和借鉴,提出我国应当结合国情,批判和吸收各国的经验,应当在坚持税收中性原则的基础上进一步修改税收法律制度,在纳税税种及资金流监管等各方面进一步完善和构建电子商务税收立法体系。     

试论金代的桑税

金代桑税渊源于辽和北宋的桑税制度.金代在继承辽宋桑税制度的同时,也进一步发展了自己的桑税制度.这表现为:一方面金代两税中的全部税绢都依据桑税征收,从而提高了它在两税中的地位;另一方面金代确立了旨在规定民户最低桑税额的桑地制度.金代桑税并非"户调",而是金代土地税的基本内容,也是金代两税的重要组成部分.     

中庸结构内涵及其与集体主义关系的研究

基于4批共949份调查问卷数据,首先探索目前中国情境下中庸价值取向的结构内涵,得到“执中一致、慎独自修、消极成就、消极规避”4个维度,其中,“执中一致”是中庸结构内涵的核心,描述了个体与周围情境互动时的价值取向.然后,基于参照框架效应理论发现,相比于集体主义,中庸能更为有效解释中国员工的帮助行为;在高和谐导向氛围的情境下,中庸对集体主义有显著的促进作用.