民族地区基础教育薄弱学校成因分析*

在归纳一系列现场访谈和问卷调查结果的基础上，文章提出：民族地区薄弱学校的产生，与民族地区经济社会 发展总体水平不高、区域之间发展的不均衡状态、对高质量教育的需求与优质教育资源相对匮乏的矛盾、地方政府办学指导思 想和现行教育政策、办学体制的制约、民族特色缺乏、学校管理水平不高、师资队伍薄弱以及选址布局、历史基础等因素密切相 关。     

Model Selection Information Criteria in Latent Class Models with Missing Data and Contingency Question

Latent class analysis (LCA) has been found to have important applications in social and behavioral sciences for modeling categorical response variables, and nonresponse is typical when collecting data. In this study, the nonresponse mainly included “contingency questions” and real “missing data.” The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of some potential factors on model selection indices in LCA with nonresponse data.

We simulated missing data with contingency questions and evaluated the accuracy rates of eight information criteria for selecting the correct models. The results showed that the main factors are latent class proportions, conditional probabilities, sample size, the number of items, the missing data rate, and the contingency data rate. Interactions of the conditional probabilities with class proportions, sample size, and the number of items are also significant. From our simulation results, the impact of missing data and contingency questions can be amended by increasing the sample size or the number of items.     

青海农村基础教育现状与发展对策

青海农村基础教育是青海教育中最薄弱部分。本文指出了影响青海基础教育发展滞后的经济、社会背景和现存问题 ,提出了加快其发展的对策     

民族地区经济发展存在的主要问题和矛盾

民族地区经济发展中存在着诸多有利因素 ,尤其是西部大开发战略的实施 ,将极大地促进民族地区经济发展。但也存在着社会发育程度与发展社会主义市场经济、资源开发与环境保护、公平与效率、小生产与大市场大流通等方面的矛盾     

论问题素养的创新驱动功能及教学培养机制

在问题与创新的逻辑关系中，是创新主体的问题素养内在而有效地驱动着创新。问题素养具有生命本然性、生活养成性、结构综合性、品质卓越性和人格指向性等丰富内涵，是由问题意识、问题境界、问题加工、问题体验、问题监控、问题解决心向等成分组成的系统结构，具有激发创新意识、引导创新精神、转化创新能力、承载创新行为和判定创新价值的驱动功能。问题素养培养的主渠道是课堂教学，应采取教学评价机制、信念突破机制、活动生成机制、模仿学习机制、专门训练机制和底蕴孕育机制，来培养和提升学生的问题素养。     

A new stratified three-stage unrelated randomized response model for estimating a rare sensitive attribute based on the Poisson distribution

This article suggests an efficient method of estimating a rare sensitive attribute which is assumed following Poisson distribution by using three-stage unrelated randomized response model instead of the Land et al. model (2011 Land, M., S. Singh, and S. A. Sedory. 2011. Estimation of a rare sensitive attribute using poisson distribution. Statistics 46 (3):351–60. doi:10.1080/02331888.2010.524300.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) when the population consists of some different sized clusters and clusters selected by probability proportional to size(:pps) sampling. A rare sensitive parameter is estimated by using pps sampling and equal probability two-stage sampling when the parameter of a rare unrelated attribute is assumed to be known and unknown.

We extend this method to the case of stratified population by applying stratified pps sampling and stratified equal probability two-stage sampling. An empirical study is carried out to show the efficiency of the two proposed methods when the parameter of a rare unrelated attribute is assumed to be known and unknown.     

From salons to the native reserve: reformulating the “native question” through pictorial photography in 1950s South Africa

The article provides a critical reflection on the practice of photographic salon exhibitions in the 1950s. In South Africa and abroad, there was a resurgence of photographic societies from the early 1950s that encouraged amateur photographers to create images based on a distinct visual grammar, thereby offering them not only an opportunity to display their work but to compete amongst each other. Subsequently, salon exhibitions produced work that would be judged on its pictorial rather than strict representational value thereby depoliticising the exhibition space. On the other hand, this article seeks to place this practice in the realm of racial segregation under apartheid by considering the deployment of the “black subject” in the native rural reserve in Joseph Denfield’s (1911–1967) work. Through a study of his ethnographic photographs which were exhibited internationally in this period as pictorial work, as well as his intellectualisation of his practice as native photography, it argues that the space of the salon allowed him to pose the “native question” pictorially, that is, provided a discourse through which the “native” could be “known” and ordered.     

On the estimation of a sensitive quantitative mean using blank cards

In this article, we introduce for the first time, the blank card methods for estimation of finite population mean of a sensitive variable. Two generic randomization devices are suggested, and for each device we identify the choices of special models. We introduce additive, multiplicative, and combination of both additive and multiplicative scrambling models that require use of a non sensitive variable. We derive the basic statistical properties of each model. It is interesting to note that various existing estimators can be viewed as the special cases of those presented here. The statistical efficiency of proposed techniques is compared with Greenberg et al. (1971 Greenberg, B.G., Kuebler Jr, R.R., Abernathy, J.R., Horvitz, D.G. (1971). Application of the randomized response technique in obtaining quantitative data. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 66(334):243–250.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and modified Perri (2008 Perri, P.F. (2008). Modified randomized devices for Simmons’ model. Model Assisted Stat. Appl. 3(3):233–239. [Google Scholar]) model. The proposed devices can easily be adjusted to achieve the required efficiency level by making suitable choices of different design parameters.     

"开放性问题"论证:反驳与辩护——当代西方元伦理学的走向

20世纪初,直觉主义者摩尔以"开放性问题"的论证来反对自然主义用自然性质给"善"下定义,主张"善"只能靠直觉去把握.但因为"直觉"难以言明,所以不能彻底驳倒自然主义.其后的非认知主义者黑尔通过揭示道德语言的用法,强调评价功能是道德语言的特殊性,为"开放性问题"的论证提供新辩护.作为应对,自然主义者既通过"性质综合同一性定义"的理论继续反驳该论证,又揭示了非道德语词也可能具有的评价功能,回应了非认知主义的批评,以新自然主义的方式再度复兴.在关于"开放性问题"论证的长期争论过程中,西方元伦理学的各流派此起彼伏,纷至沓来,形成了西方元伦理学百家争鸣的局面.全面把握上述论争和走向,对于国内元伦理学的发展具有借鉴意义.     

疑问表否定用法与反问句关系研究

疑问表否定研究不同于一般意义上的反问句研究,二者在研究视角上具有本质区别。反问句的研究重在全面考察其本相、特点、句法构造、应答系统、语用价值以及话语理解等,同时也侧重对其句法与语义理据的分析。而我们所做的疑问表示否定的研究则立足于打通疑问和否定的关系,探究疑问和否定的相通性,重点考察疑问句表否定意义的用法。此时的反问句被认为是疑问表否定用法的句法机制。