人类命运共同体构想的三维审思：逻辑起点·现实基点·思想源点

人类命运共同体构想作为马克思主义中国化的最新理论成果，是在积极反思人类生存现状的基础之上，对世界未来发展形态的一种前瞻性擘画。总体观之，作为“类”存在的人的主体自觉以及马克思主义“类”思想是人类命运共同体构想的逻辑基点， 现代“人类交往”方式的演进与普遍发展是人类命运共同体构想的现实基点，中国传统文化中的“和合”理念是人类命运共同体构想的思想源点。逻辑起点、现实基点与思想源点共同构成人类命运共同体构想的生成之源，对其系统、深入的阐释与审思则是我们学习、领悟、实践这一伟大构想的重要环节。     

先秦道家的宇宙观

道家宇宙观的发展，包括宇宙构成物质和生成图式两个主题。就宇宙构成物质来说，先秦时存在“尚气”和“尚水”两种理解，道家认为宇宙构成物质乃是气，并在道气关系的讨论中，主张“道是气”。就宇宙生成图式来说，先秦存在“对象性”和“系统性”两种理解，道家对于相关讨论从“对象性宇宙生成论”逐渐走向“系统性宇宙生成论”，发展出渐趋复杂的生成图式。宇宙生成论发展至此，已经完整而细腻，而后中国思想史上的宇宙生成论大都难以超越此一基本脉络。     

“人类命运共同体”语境下国际法价值理性的增进

国际法在长期的实践当中存在着价值理性弱化的困境，价值理性的趋弱使得国际社会忽视国际法在国际治理中的地位，人类命运共同体理念的出世为国际法价值理性的增进带来曙光。当前人类命运共同体理念已初具影响力，国内政策报告已有初步的系统阐述，该理念在联合国决议中多次出现，表明人类命运共同体在为国际法提供"价值指向"方面有极大的发展潜力。人类命运共同体语言系统中的诸多表述对于国际法价值理性的增进皆有启示意义，从内部形态塑造来看，该理念对于"善治"价值中的"合法性""善意遵守"皆有指导性的表述，从外部环境改良来看，该理念可与"合作"价值下的风险防范、角色定位两方面相联结。为确立具备可操作性的国际法价值理性增进路径，中国、国际组织乃至全球国家都需要扮演好相应的角色，为在人类命运共同体指引下增进国际法的价值理性而努力。     

Teaching technologies for immigrant children: an exploratory study of elementary school teachers in Russia*

ABSTRACT

Educational institutions are an important setting where psychological, pedagogical, sociocultural, and language adaptation of immigrant children occurs. A number of teaching strategies, practices, approaches, and methods have been described in the literature. In the Russian context, such strategies have been called ‘technologies’. The purpose of the present exploratory study was to describe teaching technologies used by teachers in Russia when working with immigrant students in elementary schools. Responses of forty-five elementary school teachers to open-ended questions describing technologies they use when teaching children with migration backgrounds were analyzed using content analysis. Findings suggest that Russian elementary school teachers used ethno-cultural group, communicative technologies, games, individualized instruction, and differentiated teaching. Many approaches mentioned can be used inclusively with groups of immigrant and non-immigrant students. Importantly, while teachers supplemented classroom instruction with additional Russian language lessons, none mentioned specific techniques for teaching Russian as a non-native language. These findings are discussed in relation to teaching strategies described in the international literature focused on migrant students. Finally, implications for further research are discussed.     

“四史”教育融入高校思政课教学的五维逻辑进路

历史照亮过去，历史启迪未来。以党史、新中国史、改革开放史、社会主义发展史为核心内容的“四史”教育，是以历史为基础的思想政治教育。从党史、新中国史、改革开放史、社会主义发展史中挖掘思想政治理论课教育资源，对高校传承红色基因、落实立德树人根本任务具有重要的指导意义。以庆祝中国共产党成立100周年为契机，将“四史”教育融入高校思想政治理论课教学，必须遵循相应的逻辑理路：树立正确党史观、坚定理想信念的价值追求是融入的逻辑立场；强化大历史观、理解党的伟大贡献是融入的逻辑方法；坚持内在统一性、把握“四史”教育的整体性逻辑是融入的基本前提；抓住侧重点、精准对接各门大学生思想政治理论课程是融入的逻辑核心；坚持实践逻辑、引导大学生从“四史”中汲取智慧和力量是融入的根本遵循。     

走自己的路:建党百年中国道路自信的生成逻辑及提升路径

自信是一种信念及精神,中国道路自信是中华儿女对中华民族发展能力及前途的信任,其形成与中国百年发展辉煌成就息息相关.中国道路自信源自中国道路的正确选择.建党百年来,中国共产党带领中华儿女历经千难万险,先后成功开辟新民主主义革命道路、社会主义改造及社会主义建设道路、中国特色社会主义道路.全国人民在百年磨砺中增强了中国道路自信.这种自信承载着中华儿女的无数梦想,是中华民族复兴的软实力.树立中国道路自信的理论前提,关键在于对中国道路优越性的彰显.只有将其置于不同参照系中进行多维度比较,才能使其优越性得以全面彰显,并愈加坚定不移地沿着这条道路阔步前行.显然,站在新时代历史方位上,通过梳理、总结建党百年来中国道路发展历程,将中国道路置于自身与"他者"之历史与现实中,进行共时态与历时态之比较,以唯物史观回望并厘清建党百年来中国道路自信生成逻辑,具有极其重大意义,既能彰显中国特色社会主义道路的优越性,又能激发全体中华儿女愈加自信地"走自己的路"——中国特色社会主义道路,筑牢中华民族共同体意识,阔步迈向全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程.     

金沙遗址出土文物太阳神鸟黄金面具青铜立人的藏文化解读

从藏族古代文化的视角来看，金器太阳神鸟图似乎与斯巴嘎巴和迥瓦风轮的观念有关，斯巴嘎巴和迥瓦风轮观涉及藏族本教的空间时间观和宇宙本体观。斯巴嘎巴是藏语的汉语对音，指空间和时间。迥瓦是藏语的汉语对音，指风火水土四元素。风轮是藏语的汉语意思表达，指“风”为元初原动力的宇宙形成观。在藏语言里，黄金面具实为金面。古藏人非常重视头发及其发型，即便是对死者补妆也是如此，在为死者补妆时，发辫被排在了补妆12点数的首选位置，且头发与绿松石相对应。     

Staff and family attitudes to fences as a means of detaining people with dementia in residential aged care settings: The tension between physical and emotional safety

This study investigates staff and family attitudes towards the use of the fences that surround many aged care facilities in Australia, in the context of indefinite detention of people with dementia. This indefinite detention has been described in a report from an Australian Senate Inquiry as “a significant problem within the aged care context”, which “is often informal, unregulated and unlawful”. Five focus groups comprising direct care workers, family members, nurse unit managers and facility managers discussed the reasons for and their attitudes towards fences. The results show a tension between the provision of physical and emotional safety. This is to say that even while it is illegal to detain people with dementia against their will, and even while participants understood the negative impact of fences on the well‐being and emotional safety of people with dementia, they accepted and supported the presence of perimeter fences because they provided the perception that fences kept people with dementia physically safe. This has implications for redressing the balance between physical and emotional safety in policy and practice.     

The Value of a Statistical Life for Risk‐Averse and Risk‐Seeking Individuals

This article estimates the value of a statistical life (VSL) for Chile under the hedonic wage method while accounting for individual risk preferences. Two alternative measures of risk aversion are used. First, risk aversion is directly measured using survey measures of preferences over hypothetical gambles, and second, over observed individual behaviors that may proxy for risk preferences, such as smoking status, are used. I reconcile the results with a theoretical model of economic behavior that predicts how the wage‐risk tradeoff changes as risk aversion differs across individuals. The VSL estimates range between 0.61 and 8.68 million dollars. The results using smoking behavior as a proxy for risk attitudes are consistent with previous findings. However, directly measuring risk aversion corrects the wage‐risk tradeoff estimation bias in the opposite direction. The results are robust to other observed measures of risk aversion such as drinking behavior and stock investments. Results suggest that, consistent with the literature that connects smoking behavior with labor market outcomes, smoking status could be capturing poor health productivity effect in addition to purely risk preferences.     

Linking taxation and social protection: Evidence on redistribution and poverty reduction in Ethiopia

Although redistribution results from the simultaneous effects of taxes and transfers, analyses of their distributional effects in low‐income countries have largely been undertaken from singular perspectives. This article jointly assesses the distributional effect of taxes and transfers (through social protection) using Ethiopia as a case study. We find that Ethiopia's flagship social protection programme is more effective than income taxation in achieving poverty reduction, while neither policy achieves a sizeable reduction in overall inequality. We also find that Ethiopia does not currently have the capacity to close the poverty gap or to fully fund its main safety net programme using domestic income sources alone.