高适、岑参边塞诗诗风异同论

该文主要就高适、岑参边塞诗诗风的异同进行了分析 ,并探索产生他们诗风相异的原因     

Self-interest and the theory of action

The concept of self-interest remains underdeveloped in sociology although central to economics. Recent methodological and social trends render sociological indifference to the concept untenable. The term has enjoyed historical predominance in the West since the sixteenth century. While it is seen in modern economics as a singular motivating force, Adam Smith regarded self-interest in economic action as necessarily moderated by sympathy. In addition to its problematic economic conceptualization self-interest has an experiential basis in unequal power relations. An alternative to the concept of self-interest is presented by Amartya Sen in his account of commitment; its inconsistencies, however, render Sen's statement unsatisfactory. Differences between present and future interests indicate that the distinction between self-interested and other-interested action is not sustainable.     

Some maximum-indifference estimators for the slope of a univariate linear model

As known, the least-squares estimator of the slope of a univariate linear model sets to zero the covariance between the regression residuals and the values of the explanatory variable. To prevent the estimation process from being influenced by outliers, which can be theoretically modelled by a heavy-tailed distribution for the error term, one can substitute covariance with some robust measures of association, for example Kendall's tau in the popular Theil–Sen estimator. In a scarcely known Italian paper, Cifarelli [(1978), ‘La Stima del Coefficiente di Regressione Mediante l'Indice di Cograduazione di Gini’, Rivista di matematica per le scienze economiche e sociali, 1, 7–38. A translation into English is available at http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.4809 and will appear in Decisions in Economics and Finance] shows that a gain of efficiency can be obtained by using Gini's cograduation index instead of Kendall's tau. This paper introduces a new estimator, derived from another association measure recently proposed. Such a measure is strongly related to Gini's cograduation index, as they are both built to vanish in the general framework of indifference. The newly proposed estimator is shown to be unbiased and asymptotically normally distributed. Moreover, all considered estimators are compared via their asymptotic relative efficiency and a small simulation study. Finally, some indications about the performance of the considered estimators in the presence of contaminated normal data are provided.     

论闻香教王氏家族

在中国历史上,民间宗教以其非法性与秘密性及其常与各类反抗活动相结合,而被历代统治者以严酷手段加以镇压。但宗教在民间却自有其生存空间,各类民间宗教在历史上屡禁不止,不断出现。滦州石佛口王氏家族,前后10代人,两百余年间,既执着于弥勒转世王氏家族的造说,又为传教所带来的巨大利益所惑,虽屡遭打击,却前赴后续,直到清嘉庆年间遭致灭顶之灾。     

从阿马蒂亚·森的自由视角认识我国的社会建设

阿马蒂亚.森从自由的视角出发,阐述了一种新的发展观,即自由是享受人们有理由珍视的那种生活的可行能力。自由既是发展的首要目的,又是发展的主要手段,即自由对发展既具有建构性作用又具有工具性作用。他的理论对于我们今天从事社会建设具有一定的参考价值。     

How to combine pareto optimality with liberty considerations

I argue that the liberty condition of Sen's important impossibility of a Paretian liberal result is not a condition that liberals (or libertarians) would accept. The problem is that an appropriate liberty condition must be formulated in terms of consent - not in terms of preference. To formulate an adequate condition the framework needs to expand from collective choice rules (which only take information about preferences as input) to rights-based social choice rules (which also take as input information about which options have been consented to and which would violate someone's rights). I formulate a more adequate liberty condition based on the notion of consent that is acceptable to liberals, and then show that Pareto optimality is incompatible even with that condition. I then show how the liberty condition can be weakened in a plausible manner, and describe an interesting class of theories - rights-based Paretian theories - that satisfy the Pareto optimality requirement while being sensitive to liberty considerations.     

重建经济学的伦理之维——阿马蒂亚·森的启示

经济学和伦理学的关系问题是理论领域和实践领域的一个重大课题。随着经济学日益技术化、公理化和科学化,20世纪的主流经济学逐步丧失了道德伦理视野。然而,经济学要对现实问题真正作出思考和解释,依然不得不深入经济学公式背后的伦理问题。在经济学日益疏远伦理学的思潮下,1998年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者阿马蒂亚·森却掀起了一场复兴经济学与伦理学联盟、重建经济学伦理之维的“革命”。他强调经济学和伦理学之间关系的双向性,主张在重新宽泛理解经济学的基础上,“恢复”经济学内在拥有的“人的层面”和“社会层面”。     

Comparison of nonparametric analysis of variance methods: A vote for van der Waerden

ABSTRACT

For two-way layouts in a between-subjects analysis of variance design, the parametric F-test is compared with seven nonparametric methods: rank transform (RT), inverse normal transform (INT), aligned rank transform (ART), a combination of ART and INT, Puri & Sen's L statistic, Van der Waerden, and Akritas and Brunners ANOVA-type statistics (ATS). The type I error rates and the power are computed for 16 normal and nonnormal distributions, with and without homogeneity of variances, for balanced and unbalanced designs as well as for several models including the null and the full model. The aim of this study is to identify a method that is applicable without too much testing for all the attributes of the plot. The Van der Waerden test shows the overall best performance though there are some situations in which it is disappointing. The Puri & Sen's and the ATS tests show generally very low power. These two and the other methods cannot keep the type I error rate under control in too many situations. Especially in the case of lognormal distributions, the use of any of the rank-based procedures can be dangerous for cell sizes above 10. As already shown by many other authors, nonnormal distributions do not violate the parametric F-test, but unequal variances do, and heterogeneity of variances leads to an inflated error rate more or less also for the nonparametric methods. Finally, it should be noted that some procedures show rising error rates with increasing cell sizes, the ART, especially for discrete variables, and the RT, Puri & Sen, and the ATS in the cases of heteroscedasticity.     

幸德秋水与片山潜社会主义观之比较

在东方,日本是最早传播西方社会主义思想的国家,出现了日本第一代著名的社会主义思想家、活动家,其中以幸德秋水、片山潜等为代表。幸德秋水的《社会主义神髓》和片山潜的《我的社会主义》这两本著作都是在1903年出版,被称为明治时期社会主义启蒙书的"双璧",表现了明治年代社会主义者所达到的社会主义理论的最高水平。幸德秋水与片山潜作为日本第一代社会主义思想家、活动家,为何走上不同的道路?其关键原因在于他们社会主义观的差异。