Health‐Economics Analyses Applied to ELF Electric and Magnetic Fields

Extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields (ELF EMFs) are a common exposure for modern populations. The prevailing public‐health protection paradigm is that quantitative exposure limits are based on the established acute effects, whereas the possible chronic effects are considered too uncertain for quantitative limits, but might justify precautionary measures. The choice of precautionary measures can be informed by a health‐economics analysis (HEA). We consider four such analyses of precautionary measures that have been conducted at a national or state level in California, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Israel. We describe the context of each analysis, examine how they deal with some of the more significant issues that arise, and present a comparison of the input parameters and assumptions used. The four HEAs are methodologically similar. The most significant qualitative choices that have to be made are what dose‐response relationship to assume, what allowance if any to make for uncertainty, and, for a CBA only, what diseases to consider, and all four analyses made similar choices. These analyses suggest that, on the assumptions made, there are some low‐cost measures, such as rephasing, that can be applied to transmission in some circumstances and that can be justifiable in cost‐benefit terms, but that higher cost measures, such as undergrounding, become unjustifiable. Of the four HEAs, those in the United Kingdom and Israel were influential in determining the country's EMF policy. In California and Netherlands, the HEA may well have informed the debate, but the policy chosen did not stem directly from the HEA.     

语用教学新范式--英语通用语交际策略管窥

随着全球化推进,英语转变为全球通用语（global lingua franca）,其使用方式发生了新的变化,同时也给英语教学带来了新的挑战。综观英语作为通用语（ELF）的语用研究,发现多元情景下的 ELF交际表现出有别于英语作为本族语（ENL）单一情景下的语用特征,ELF 交际者顺应多元语境和当前交际目的采用一系列的交际策略,使ELF语境中非对称性变量有效转化为交际资源,成功实现ELF交际。基于对ELF言谈中交际策略研究回顾,对传统语用教学引发再思考：语用教学不一定要一味地遵循 ENL 的单一语用标准,而应尊重多元文化的互动与融合,构建新语用能力观,从交际策略的语用导引出发,培养能适应新形势的多元化英语人才。     

极低频电磁场对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能影响的实验研究

目的:研究极低频电磁场对环磷酰胺所致的免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:极低频电磁场连续全身作用4周龄免疫低下小鼠60天后,测定小鼠血清抗体(IgG、IgM、IgA)、补体(C3、C4)的含量、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能、胸腺指数和脾脏指数。结果显示:极低频电磁场对免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能有增强作用。     

基于面子理论的ELF背景下有效沟通语用策略探索

根据人际交往中的面子理论,在会话过程中应维护双方的面子,避免威胁面子的行为。在ELF背景下,通过巧妙运用自我修复、宽容、积极回应、语言调节和举例解释等语言策略,不仅保全会话双方的面子需求,而且实现会话有效沟通的目的。     

ELF背景下中外学生的反馈语特征研究

反馈语作为一种会话策略,在交际过程中发挥重要作用。旨在探讨在英语通用语背景下,跨文化交际中反馈语的特征和作用。采用会话分析方式,对上海理工大学中外学生的课堂交际进行研究,结果发现：1）非词汇反馈语（延续语）使用频率最高,短语反馈语最少;2）竞争性反馈语的使用频率远低于合作性反馈语;3）中外学生更倾向在与非本族者交流时使用反馈语;4）外国学生比中国学生更频繁使用反馈语。本调查为进一步进行ELF会话特征研究提供借鉴和参考。