Female labor force participation in the US: How is immigration shaping recent trends?

Women entered the paid workforce in unprecedented numbers during the 20th century. Yet recent years have been witness to a creeping reversal in women's labor force participation. Why did the revolution stall? In response to debates over a “natural” limit to women's employment, or a cultural backlash against the dual-breadwinner household, we consider an alternative explanation, namely whether immigration has slowed the growth in female labor force participation. Using CPS data from 1998 to 2018, we show that the increase in the share of immigrants and children of immigrants in the population has reduced overall female labor force participation. However, immigration accounts for relatively little of the retreat from the labor force. Instead, the compositional effect of population change is overshadowed by behavioral shifts that affect both natives and immigrants. Lower participation rates among native-born women accounts for most of the overall decline. Despite persistent differences, we also find substantial convergence in the labor force behavior of native-born and foreign-born women, which bodes well for the long-term economic incorporation of immigrants and their children.     

遗属养老保险制度的机制设计研究

女性老龄人口特别是丧偶者面临更高的老龄贫困风险,老龄化背景下如何向更具脆弱性的丧偶独居女性老龄人口提供老龄收入保障,帮助其实现反贫困的目标是各国公共政策制定者面临的一项长期重要的挑战。遗属养老金的受益作为派生养老金权益的重要内容有利于阻止贫困和平滑消费,是帮助丧偶独居女性老龄人口反贫困的重要手段,世界各国普遍将其纳入强制性社会保障体系。但遗属养老保险制度可能带来对女性就业参与的不当激励,不公平的社会再分配效应及养老金财务支出负担增加等不利经济影响。对世界上30个主要国家和地区遗属养老保险制度机制设计的比较研究表明有必要通过良好的遗属养老保险制度机制设计来实现其阻止贫困的重要作用,尽可能降低其可能的负面经济影响。本文建议主要包括:合理确定遗属养老金的受益水平以切实满足遗属的生活支出需要;严格限定被保险人需满足的养老金缴费条件;严格限定受益遗属需满足的受益条件;加强遗属养老保险与老龄养老保险制度的立法衔接等。当前我国遗属养老保险制度是明显缺失的,未来我国在建立遗属养老保险制度的过程中有必要借鉴国际经验,优化机制设计,在充分发挥遗属养老保险制度对于丧偶女性老龄人口反贫困作用的同时将其潜在的负面经济影响降至最低。     

四川省甘孜州、阿坝州城镇女性从业者的就业结构与驱动因素探究——基于全国第四次经济普查四川省数据的分析

就业是民生之基,是社会稳定之本,也是女性劳动者的基本权利、提高女性自身经济地位的重要手段,更是性别平等的测试器。在四川省甘孜州、阿坝州,城镇女性从业者在教育、卫生等行业有较高从业优势,就业集中分布于公共管理、教育、卫生、文化等领域,在零售、餐饮、住宿等市场化行业的集中度不明显;产业结构、城镇化与乡城劳动力转移、民营经济发展水平、城镇女性人力资本以及择业观念等影响城镇女性的行业就业行为;传统服务业与线上业态、旅游相关产业、生态红利产业、农业产业链延伸产业等是未来城镇女性劳动力的就业拓展领域;提升女性人力资本有助于女性从业者的就业结构优化。     

Sexual Function in Women with Deep Endometriosis: Correlation with Quality of Life,Intensity of Pain,Depression, Anxiety,and Body Image

Objectives: We evaluated sexual function, quality of life and perceived body image of women with deep endometriosis in comparison to that of healthy women. Methods: The sample consisted of 41 women with deep endometriosis and 40 healthy women without endometriosis. Sexual, psychological and pain evaluation were performed. Results: The study evidenced that deep endometriosis has a significant impact on sexuality and body image. Conclusions: An integrated and patient-centered approach to medical and psychological and sexual issues is suggested.     

个体性别意识与女大学生就业质量--基于五所高校的数据分析

本文以福建省五所高校大学生就业问题的调查数据为基础，分析了个体性别意识与女大学生就业质量的关系。研究发现，性别分工观念、性别自信及性别权利意识等因素对女大学生就业质量均有重要正向影响，但影响程度不同，性别平等意识对男女大学生就业质量的影响呈反向差别。     

Influence of Female Genital Cutting on Sexual Experience in Southern Ethiopia

Female genital cutting (FGC) is a persistent social norm in the Liben district of southern Ethiopia. This study explores whether the sexual experiences of married men and women differ by women's FGC status. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 28 women with different types of FGC (or no FGC) and 21 husbands. Compared to others, women with more severe FGC reported traumatic sexual experiences and decreased sexual desire. Nonetheless, participants largely endorsed FGC for daughters, revealing pressure to maintain the practice. Opportunities for change exist, as women and men recognized the sexual pleasure and healthy birth experiences of uncut women.     

浅析女大学生就业难

就业是民生之本,现阶段总体就业形势严峻。随着高校的大规模扩招,毕业生总体供大于求。大学生就业难仅仅是一般劳动就业问题,女大学生就业难除了劳动就业问题以外,还附带有劳动力市场上的性别歧视问题。本文首先对女大学生的现状进行分析,然后对女大学生就业难提出具体有针对性的对策,以便消除女大学生就业中的"性别歧视",实现男女大学生的平等就业,充分发挥女性人力资源的重要作用。     

Are all jobs created equal? A cross-national analysis of women's employment and child malnutrition in developing countries

Using multi-level models, the analysis examines female employment and child stunting across 49 developing countries. At the country level, female labor force participation is not associated with malnutrition after controlling for economic development. At the individual level, a binary measure of employment is not significantly associated with malnutrition. However, a more nuanced measure of seven occupational categories shows that certain types of employment improve malnutrition. Professional, clerical, sales, and domestic jobs are associated with reduced stunting. These effects are only partially mediated by wealth, perhaps suggesting that some jobs may bring benefits to the household beyond the sheer acquisition of tangible resources. Agricultural jobs are associated with increased malnutrition. Manual labor and service work do not have an effect on malnutrition, compared to unemployment. Thus, women's employment is not necessarily a mechanism for empowerment and wellbeing. Not all jobs are created equal, and many of them do not confer the benefits that are typically associated with working outside the home.     

解析耶利内克小说中的“女性性征化”

在重视人身体外观的现代社会中,女性性的功能得到了空前的强调,女性的身体已经被完全性征化了。在耶利内克的小说中,女性性征化使女性成为男性欲望客体、自我监控主体和社会从属性别。对女性身体的规训是唯一一种自行实践的社会性别压迫,它重申现有的性别结构,反对任何改变或者转变权力关系的努力。男权制社会正是通过对女性身体性征的强调而否定她作为一个人的价值以及她的独立性与创造性,使她心甘情愿地继续处在被压迫的从属地位上,放弃改变现有性别结构的一切努力。     

双重的约束：女性科技人才成长的制约因素分析

近年来，我国的科技事业发展迅速。然而，科技人才队伍中的女性科技人才却发展较为缓慢，原因在于女性科技人才的发展受到了公私领域的双重约束即私人领域的家庭劳动、家庭决策、家庭教育投资以及公共领域的科技人才准入、培育和评价机制制约了女性科技人才的发展。在这种双重约束下，女性科技人才只能在具有性别排斥的科技领域中充当幕后支撑力量，相反，男性则在科技人才发展中占主导优势，成为主要的受惠群体。