From cognitive dissonance to cognitive Polyphasia: A sociocultural approach to understanding meat‐paradox

Cognitive Dissonance Theory seeks to understand inconsistency by situating it within individual cognition. By doing so, it overlooks the role of the social context in the experience and management of inconsistency and dissonance and fails to capture the processes through which it is negotiated when it appears. On the other side, the cognitive polyphasia hypothesis together with a dialogical approach on Social Representations provide a socioculturally situated, process‐oriented understanding of inconsistency. In this paper, meat‐paradox, the phenomenon of simultaneously declaring love and respect towards animals and also consuming animals, mainly studied through Cognitive Dissonance Theory, is used in order to highlight the merits of a sociocultural approach to inconsistency. Four relevant empirical examples from interviews and focus groups with meat‐eaters and vegetarians in Cyprus are used to illustrate the approach. The examples illustrate how meat‐eaters manage dissonance in ways that exhibit coexistence of contradictory representations and ways of thinking. Three different modalities of knowledge coexistence are identified, as proposed by cognitive polyphasia researchers: displacement, selective prevalence and hybridisation. We discuss the importance of a sociocultural approach to studying paradoxes, the epistemological and methodological implications of such a theorisation and we suggest other life contexts in which such an approach can be applied.     

得失参半的创新之作——《剑桥中国文学史》评议

《剑桥中国文学史》旨在打破以往文学史写作中的习惯性范畴,开创新的文学史范式。其中最引人注目的是它特殊的"文学文化史"的书写姿态,立足于在文化史的背景下考察中国文学的发展进程。这种书写策略为我们认识文学史提供了新的视角与方法,但并没有在全书中得到全面的贯彻。《剑桥中国文学史》的文学史分期方式也引人注目,某些基于文学文化史立场的分期方式显得新颖别致。全书的文学史分期方式并没有统一的标准,也存在着按世纪、朝代为文学史分期的现象。由于全书的编者热衷于探求"过去的文学"原貌,在实践中往往对某些重要作家作品叙述较少,而对次要的文学现象评价过高。这种迥异于时流的评价可新人耳目,但有些评价是出于臆测,并没有坚实的依据。     

自我他者化：边地影像的诗学过渡与平等悖论

“边地影像”是边疆少数民族民众纪录自身的非虚构创作。在朗西埃“可感性的分配”美学理论视野下，边地影像体现了题材选择的一视同仁和人性的解放，以平等维度的引入开拓了其艺术与政治价值。透过“自我他者化”的艺术操作，它改变边地的可感性的分配秩序。“客位视角”到“主位视角”和“参与拍摄”到“独立创作”的过渡所释放的乡野表达，成为评测其诗学力量的关键质素。同时，围绕“差异性”展开的影像再现常常导向“微小差异的自恋”,并在言语的过度中营造了某种“圣化构想”，进而使其差异政治悖论性地生成了新的可感性不平等。     

所为非所想?农户风险管理意愿与行为的悖离分析

实现农户风险管理意愿与行为统一是降低农业风险对农户农业生产负面影响的重要途径。利用2018年东北三省和湖北省种植大户的调查数据,从自然风险与市场风险两方面,对农户风险管理的意愿、行为及其悖离进行分析,并探究形成悖离的原因。研究发现：对于自然风险,大部分农户使用了有效的风险管理工具,但风险管理意愿不高;农户的市场风险管理行为极为少见,与之相悖的是,农户具有较高的市场风险管理意愿。结果表明,风险管理实际行为控制、风险管理执行意愿和风险管理外部环境是影响农户自然风险管理意愿与行为悖离的主要因素;此外,农户对农业保险缺乏了解,以及目前农业保险存在的不足也是导致此悖离的重要原因;风险管理执行意愿和风险管理外部环境是影响农户市场风险管理意愿与行为悖离的主要因素。此外,农户获取信息渠道不足,对市场风险管理工具缺乏了解,甚至存在明显的误解与不信任也是导致农户市场风险管理意愿与行为悖离的重要原因。因此,为了有效实现农户风险管理意愿与行为的统一,应健全农业保险的推广机制,加强市场风险管理的宣传,扩大“保险+期货”的试点,发挥新型主体的带动作用。     

A formulation of the concept of probability based on the use of experimental devices

This paper sets out to identify the abilities that a person needs to be able to successfully use an experimental device, such as a probability wheel or balls in an urn, for the elicitation of subjective probabilities. It is assumed that the successful use of the device requires that the person elicits unique probability values that obey the standard probability laws. This leads to a definition of probability based on the idea of the similarity between the likeliness of events and this concept is naturally extended to the idea that probabilities have strengths, which relates to information about the likeliness of an event that lies beyond a simple probability value. The latter notion is applied to the problem of explaining the Ellsberg paradox. To avoid the definition of probability being circular, probabilities are defined such that they depend on the choice of a reference set of events R which, in simple cases, corresponds to the raw outcomes produced by using an experimental device. However, it is shown that even when the events in R are considered as having an “equal chance” of occurring, the values and/or strengths of probabilities can still be affected by the choice of the set R.     

应急管理中缘何出现“信息悖论”现象?——基于中国国家治理视角的考察

信息是国家治理的重要依据。中国国家治理常规机制与运动式治理机制间的矛盾深刻地体现在了日常管理与应急管理的差异之中。当下的治理逻辑必然地要求日常管理采取科层制的非人格化管理模式，对直接上级的负责制形塑了信息沿纵向逐级向上衰减的常规信息传递机制。但在应急管理机制之下，上级应对突发事件的精准决策却有赖于对真实信息的掌握，而常规机制所带来的表象性避责策略则会削弱上级的决策准确性，由此这一张力进一步形塑了中国国家治理在应急管理机制中的“信息悖论”现象。      

An approximate dual-self model and paradoxes of choice under risk

We derive a simplified version of the model of Fudenberg and Levine, 2006, Fudenberg and Levine, 2011 and show how this approximate model is useful in explaining choice under risk. We show that in the simple case of three outcomes, the model can generate indifference curves that “fan out” in the Marschak–Machina triangle, and thus can explain the well-known Allais and common ratio paradoxes that models such as prospect theory and regret theory are designed to capture. At the same time, our model is consistent with modern macroeconomic theory and evidence and generates predictions across a much wider set of domains than these models.     

墙高出睦邻——人际交往的悖论——从文体分析的视角透视《补墙》的主题

为了探讨弗罗斯特的诗歌《补墙》的主题意义,以篇章格律和词汇语法层的语言特征为依据,对该诗进行文体分析。研究发现:在共同补墙中,邻居之间在言行、观点和态度等方面的"失谐"表明"墙高出睦邻"实际上是人际交往中的一个悖论;交往中的矛盾和困惑源自信任的缺乏和交流的缺失。结果表明:聚焦于文本的篇章格律和语言特征的分析有助于揭示其主题意义。     

城市道路治堵刍议

城市道路的拥堵已成城市的顽疾,在城市道路拥堵治理时,还应在加大交通法宣传力度、明确法规规定的路权、加强司机路德意识教育等方面想办法,提高驾驶者的素质。在“软件”方面下些功夫,相信“软件”在城市道路治堵具有重要作用。本文就笔者观察到的交通悖论,提出一些治堵的途径。     

“神技无技”：庄子技艺美学思想的吊诡

庄子用合道的神技来取代技艺,即用道的自然无为来改铸技艺,无为是无为了,但也就没有人为之技艺了,此即“神技无技”。神技不具有技艺的规定性,技艺是目的性有为,神技是自然无为;技艺创造的是第二自然,神技则不害第一自然。神技也不是现实的技艺或其比拟,神技是对人为技艺加以“自然无为化”或“道德理想化”后的虚构,有其神秘性。神技的逻辑结果就是对现世技艺的取消与否定,如“无画之画”、“其钓莫钓”、“无乐之乐”等。神技经后世的理论转化后,实现了与技艺的统一,那时才显现出“无法之法”等艺术创造思想。