Realism and Contingency

This paper constitutes an extended response to Athanasia Chalari's paper The Causal Impact of Resistance, which suggests that one may derive from internal conversations a causal explanation of resistance. In the context of our engagements with critical realism and digital research into social movements, we review Chalari's main argument, before applying it to a concrete case: the student protests in London, 2010. Whilst our account is sympathetic to Chalari's focus on interiority, we critique the individualism that is implicit in her argument, arguing that it emerges because of an underlying neglect of the relational aspects of resistance. Instead, we offer a relational realist analysis that treats resistance as process within an ontologically stratified account of reality that is mindful of the contingency of political acts. Taking this route, we establish resistance as an emergent relation, generative of distinctive “relational goods” in the context of collective action, which we locate at different levels of reality, as we move from an analysis of individual to collective reflexivity. In doing so we offer a sympathetic critique of Chalari, building on the thought provoking arguments contained within it, whilst also making a contribution to the theorisation of social movements and the “relational turn” within realist social theory (Archer, 2010, 2012).     

两次世界大战之间美国对欧的经济外交——以政府中心型现实主义为中心的分析

政府中心型现实主义作为现实主义理论的重要组成部分,强调美国外交的国内起源,它作为研究美国外交的新视角,使两次世界大战之间美国的孤立主义外交更多地呈现出非孤立的特征,美国积极地参与一战后欧洲的重建。但正是因为国内各利益集团之间的博弈、国会与总统之间的分权使两战之间美国的外交呈现出分散化、相互矛盾和冲突的特征,最终使美国对欧洲的经济外交以悲剧收场。     

托马斯·哈代:在绝望中找寻希望的现实主义诗人——从哈代的诗歌解读其人生哲学

近年来,国内一些学者把哈代定位于一位悲观主义诗人。通过对哈代诗歌的认真研读,这种论断受到了质疑。哈代实为一位反映生活本质,在更真实的层面上呼吁人们直面生活的痛楚,要勇于去承担生活重负的现实主义诗人。     

呼唤清醒的现实主义精神——近期“底层写作”批评述评

“底层写作”或“底层文学”，是一个备受近期文坛、特别是批评界关注的热门话题。文章对近期文坛关于“底层写作”的相关理论批评进行概要扫描，就“底层写作”的概念的源起与界定、批评实践中的困惑与求解进行了述评，在此基础上试图阐明“底层写作”批评理路的延展及其深远意义。     

论路遥小说的民间叙事

路遥小说具有丰厚的民间文化意蕴,主要表现在叙事视角、叙事结构、人物塑造、价值判断等方面,这一方面根源于陕北特殊的历史及地理位置,另一方面与路遥的经历及现实主义精神的追求有关。路遥与农村农民的密切联系和深厚感情决定了小说中的民间叙事成分,而对现代文明的接受又使其具有了超越性特征。     

“野花”的困惑——再评沙叶新《耶稣·孔子·披头士列侬》

沙叶新作为新时期蜚声剧坛的探索戏剧家,他的每部剧作的诞生都伴随较大的争议,尤其是与他一贯戏剧风格迥异的《耶稣.孔子.披头士列侬》更是引起学界的轰动。本文尝试通过分析剧本文学性的构成要素,揭示沙叶新本着现实主义精神进行创作时遭遇现代主义思潮的影响,由此隐现在剧作中的两者之间的矛盾,从而得出我们重新估量探索戏剧的标准。     

从《礼拜二午睡时刻》看“魔幻现实主义”

本文结合《礼拜二午睡时刻》这篇小说,分析马尔克斯作品中反复呈现的一些基本元素,揭示出＂魔幻现实主义＂的创作特色。     

“两结合”与社会主义现实主义

毛泽东提出的“两结合”的创作方法是承继苏联的社会主义现实主义创作方法而来的.毛泽东1939年的题词和1958年的讲话,都没有明确把“两结合”作为一种创作方法,它后来之所以变成一种独立的创作方法.与1958年的中苏关系有关.作为一种文艺理论,它主要由周扬等人阐释而成.二者的区别主要在于“两结合”的创作方法更强调革命的浪漫主义.     

The Poverty of Ontological Reasoning

This article argues against ontology as an intelligible project for social theory. Ontological questions have proliferated in social thought in the past decades mainly as a way of recasting traditional sociological questions about individuals/society and structure/agency. Far from being an advance in our understanding, however, this form of reasoning has frequently brought confusion. This is demonstrated with detailed reference to a contribution from an ongoing debate, centred on the issue whether social structures are causally efficacious. I argue that the ontological project is mainly fuelled by a misconception of language and that, once this picture is exposed as incoherent, ontology loses its intelligibility.     

艾米莉·狄金森诗中的“冬天”

19世纪美国著名女诗人艾米莉.狄金森,作为和惠特曼齐名的惟一诗人,以其敏锐的观察力、独特的视角对自然进行了描绘,从她的诗中我们可以看出她的复杂的自然观,既有超验主义的成分,又有非超验的成分。从实用主义和现实主义的视角出发,指出冬天的意象在狄金森诗中不仅大量存在,而且是作为一个背景存在;同时指出冬天所具有的特殊的意义,狄金森对冬天的诠释,以及冬天和死亡的关系,冬天和现实的关系,由此来分析狄金森思想中的现实主义因素。