A tale of two regions: Novgorod and Pskov as models of symbolic development

Russian regions display remarkably different patterns of economic and political development. These differences come into sharp focus when comparing two nearly identical northwestern regions, Novgorod and Pskov. Novgorod's success and Pskov's failure are attributed to the local elite's creative use of key cultural symbols and myths to support regional development. Contrasting two popular approaches to culture and development—“cultural adjustment” and “cultural congruence”—the author argues that the cultural congruence model, adopted by Novgorod, dramatically improves the chances for rapid social and economic transformation.     

从宗教服饰到政治符号:伊朗女性头巾摘戴之争

教俗博弈是伊朗政治现代化进程的一个突出特点,女性头巾是其重要的社会表征,并演化成为鲜明的政治符号。伊朗女性头巾的摘戴之争发端于19世纪末政治现代化进程之始,经历了从民间探讨到官方强制的历史过程。无论是巴列维王国还是伊斯兰共和国,官方都通过强制头巾“摘”或“戴”的方式来强化政治权威,以实现政权合法性和国家意识形态在社会领域的延伸,而社会群体对官方的认同与反抗也体现在女性头巾的摘戴之中。女性头巾摘戴之争所折射出的伊朗现代化进程中的矛盾,不仅包括传统势力和新兴群体间的张力,也体现了传统性与现代性的博弈。伴随经济现代化的深入影响,头巾自抉将逐渐作为女性公民权利的体现,预示着伊朗政治现代化进程的发展方向。     

Public Attitudes toward Partisan and Neutral Symbols in Post-Agreement Northern Ireland

Using original data from the Northern Ireland Life and Times survey, this article assesses public attitudes toward key issues of symbolism intimately connected with the Northern Ireland conflict and peace process. It uses public attitudes toward the symbolic expressions of Northern Ireland's politico-religious blocs as indicators of the extent of intercommunity tolerance in the delicate post-Belfast Agreement period. Survey questions on attitudes toward flags, including the idea of a new flag for Northern Ireland; loyalist and republican murals; and memorials to the dead of the conflict, including the idea of a memorial for all of the victims of the conflict, reveal that partisan attitudes toward communal symbols of identity and commemoration persist, despite macro-level political changes heralded by the 1998 peace accord. It is argued that the consociational design of the Belfast Agreement facilitates the perpetuation of the single-identity politics of Irish nationalism and Ulster unionism. In this context, public attachment to partisan symbols remains strong.     

“小人”在中国政治文化符号中的演变

"小人"是中国政治文化中一种特有的现象,往往与"君子"对举,在先秦时期,经历了由位到德的变化,成为社会评价和审美评价的标准。汉唐时期,不攻小人,国家强盛。东汉末年的党锢之祸,唐末的牛李党争,都是由于君子和小人的激辩而产生的党争,致使国家衰亡。宋明时期对小人大加攻伐,宋代产生了庆历党争、元佑党争、蔡京对新党的迫害以及庆元党禁等几次党争,并伴随宋代始终。明代围绕着大礼仪开始了君子和小人的激辩,因此而影响了明代的政治格局,明末东林党和阉党的斗争,加速了明代的灭亡。其实在中国政治文化中,小人成了持不同政见者的代名词。     

梦象与占梦:《左传》叙事的巫史文化因素解析

《左传》涉及梦的叙事共计29处,记梦是《左传》叙事的重要特色。《左传》的梦象以及巫史占梦,符合生活与事理逻辑,是对社会生活的虚幻反映和抽象玄思。有的梦象带有原型意象特征,是民族集体意识的表象。巫师的神秘释梦方式逐渐被史官的重人事重逻辑的释梦体系打破,反映《左传》叙事文化由巫到史的演变。     

On the construction of orthogonal F-squares of order n from an orthogonal array (n, k, s, 2) and an OL(s, t) set

Complete sets of orthogonal F-squares of order n = s^p, where g is a prime or prime power and p is a positive integer have been constructed by Hedayat, Raghavarao, and Seiden (1975). Federer (1977) has constructed complete sets of orthogonal F-squares of order n = 4t, where t is a positive integer. We give a general procedure for constructing orthogonal F-squares of order n from an orthogonal array (n, k, s, 2) and an OL(s, t) set, where n is not necessarily a prime or prime power. In particular, we show how to construct sets of orthogonal F-squares of order n = 2s^p, where s is a prime or prime power and p is a positive integer. These sets are shown to be near complete and approach complete sets as s and/or p become large. We have also shown how to construct orthogonal arrays by these methods. In addition, the best upper bound on the number t of orthogonal F(n, λ₁), F(n, λ₂), …, F(n, λ₁) squares is given.     

作为文化符号的语言符号

随着社会的发展,语言与文化之间形成了一种密切的关系。语言符号成为了文化符号的一部分,同时新的语言词汇的出现以及被社会的认可,也总是在一定的文化传承中完成的,每一个时代语言符号都标识着一个时代的文化。本文主要从文化与语言之间的关系入手,探讨作为文化符号的语言符号。     

汽车造型设计中传统文化符号的应用初探

中国传统文化渊源流长,博大精深,这是祖先留给中华民族子孙后代的宝贵财富。在当代产品设计中融入传统文化符号已成为设计潮流,汽车作为人们出行的代步工具,人们对其外观造型设计要求也越来越高,若在汽车造型设计中融入中国传统文化符号,势必会受到更多消费者的青睐。     

西方微笑传播中的身体表情与心灵符号

微笑传播是人类身体表情的象征性表达。在西方历史的、民族的和个人习惯的社会条件下,微笑传播作为西方文化对于生命与智慧的思索、神圣与人性的媒介、幽默与诙谐的狂欢、身体与权力的规训、社会与交流的共享,承载着人类心灵的符号意蕴。     

“革命”符号里的白灵和黑娃——《白鹿原》人物论之一

20世纪上半叶，“革命”是这个时期的关键词。革命与反革命的殊死搏斗构成了这一时期中国的二重奏。《白鹿原》的“革命叙述”不同于“左翼叙述”与“延安叙述”，黑娃代表了“白狼”，白灵象征了“白鹿”，他们的“革命”人生充满了历史感和悲剧性。