Asian children’s verbal development: A comparison of the United States and Australia

Using longitudinal cohort studies from Australia and the United States, we assess the pervasiveness of the Asian academic advantage by documenting White-Asian differences in verbal development from early to middle childhood. In the United States, Asian children begin school with higher verbal scores than Whites, but their advantage erodes over time. The initial verbal advantage of Asian American children is partly due to their parent’s socioeconomic advantage and would have been larger had it not been for their mother’s English deficiency. In Australia, Asian children have lower verbal scores than Whites at age 4, but their scores grow a faster rate and converge towards those of Whites by age 8. The initial verbal disadvantage of Asian Australian children is partly due to their mother’s English deficiency and would have been larger had it not been for their Asian parent’s educational advantage. Asian Australian children’s verbal scores grow at a faster pace, in part, because of their parent’s educational advantage.     

Nurture net of nature: Re-evaluating the role of shared environments in academic achievement and verbal intelligence

Prominent authors in the behavioral genetics tradition have long argued that shared environments do not meaningfully shape intelligence and academic achievement. However, we argue that these conclusions are erroneous due to large violations of the additivity assumption underlying behavioral genetics methods – that sources of genetic and shared and nonshared environmental variance are independent and non-interactive. This is compounded in some cases by the theoretical equation of the effective and objective environments, where the former is defined by whether siblings are made more or less similar, and the latter by whether siblings are equally subject to the environmental characteristic in question. Using monozygotic twin fixed effects models, which compare outcomes among genetically identical pairs, we show that many characteristics of objectively shared environments significantly moderate the effects of nonshared environments on adolescent academic achievement and verbal intelligence, violating the additivity assumption of behavioral genetic methods. Importantly, these effects would be categorized as nonshared environmental influences in standard twin models despite their roots in shared environments. These findings should encourage caution among those who claim that the frequently trivial variance attributed to shared environments in behavioral genetic models means that families, schools, and neighborhoods do not meaningfully influence these outcomes.     

An Annotated Bibliography of Verbal Behavior Scholarship Published Outside of The Analysis of Verbal Behavior: 2014

This annotated bibliography summarizes journal articles on verbal behavior published outside of The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, the primary journal for scholarship in this area. Seventeen such articles were published in 2014 and are annotated as a resource for practitioners, researchers, and educators.     

Social media processes in disasters: Implications of emergent technology use

This article seeks to extend social science scholarship on social media technology use during disruptive events. Though social media's role in times of crisis has been previously studied, much of this work tends to focus on first-responders and relief organizations. However, social media use during disasters tends to be decentralized and this organizational structure can promote different types of messages to top-down information systems. Using 142,786 geo-tagged tweets collected before and after Hurricane Sandy's US landfall as a case study, this article seeks to explore shifts in social media behavior during disruptive events and highlights that though Sandy disrupted routine life within Twitter, users responded to the disaster by employing humor, sharing photos, and checking into locations. We conclude that social media use during disruptive events is complex and understanding these nuanced behaviors is important across the social sciences.     

幽默言语认知心理机制的关联及整合

集中于幽默言语本质研究的诸多理论在阐释幽默产生和消解的底层认知运作机制时都表现出了一定的局限性，而两大认知理论——关联理论和概念整合理论给言语幽默解读的心理过程提供了较好的认知模型。关联理论认为对幽默言语理解的心理认知机制来自于寻求幽默的认知语境的最佳关联及最大关联性与最佳关联性之间的反差。概念整合理论从心理空间映射的角度解释了幽默言语的解读过程还牵涉到概念合成和层创结构。研究表明，两大理论具有互补性，二者的理论整合可以更好地揭示幽默效应的认知心理机制。     

The relationship between neighborhood racial concentration and verbal ability: An investigation using the institutional resources model

Relatively few studies examine the relationship between racial residential segregation and educational or cognitive outcomes. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and the institutional resources model of neighborhood effects, I investigate one account of how macrostructural arrangements between race, neighborhood segregation, and school quality interact to produce inequalities in test scores. Consistent with the institutional resources model, results suggest that school quality varies across neighborhoods based, in part, on their degree of racial concentration. Indeed, school quality and other school characteristics mediate the relationship between racial concentration and verbal skills, particularly among black males. These findings have implications not only for inequalities in cognitive skills among blacks across residential space, but also between blacks and whites given high levels of residential segregation in the United States. In sum, findings illustrate yet another way in which residential segregation contributes to, and not merely reflects, racial inequalities.     

言语交际中模糊语言的认知语用功能

认知语用学的关联理论认为言语交际是有目的、有意图的认知活动.言语交际中广泛存在的模糊语言是言者、话语、听者和语境四个要素共同作用的结果.本文以关联理论为依据,综合考虑这四个要素对日常言语交际中的模糊语言的认知语用功能进行了分析.本研究结果有助于人们更有效地进行人际交往,提高交际效率,同时也有助于揭示人类模糊语言的一些认知特点.     

直接言词原则与刑事证人出庭作证问题研究

现代诉讼制度要求刑事案件的审理必须贯彻直接言词原则以便于查明案件事实，而直接言词原则要求刑事证人必须出庭作证；我国相关刑事立法与司法实务中还存在着诸多的问题，在刑事审判实务中检察机关提供证人证言笔录成为证人作证的常态；在刑事立法上建立有效的证人作证传唤制度、完善对证人拒绝出庭作证的强制性措施和制裁条款的规定等成为目前亟需解决的问题。     

会话幽默的心理机制和认知基础

本文首先分析了会话幽默中降格和升格两种心理预设机制 ,进而从语言变异的角度举例说明了其最为常见的语言表现形式 ,最后从范畴化和概念化的角度分析了会话幽默的认知基础     

社会主义市场经济与教师工资

社会主义市场经济与教师工资王建立，王成升，李书欣随着社会主义市场经济的建立和发展，教师工资与市场的关系越来越密切。本文试从市场经济的角度，谈谈教师工资问题。一、教师劳动力价值是教师工资的下限教师劳动力在教育教学过程中被消耗，要使教育教学活动顺利进行，...