消费者对食品质量安全标识支付意愿实证研究——以南京市猪肉消费为例

消费者对质量安全标识的支付意愿和支付行为是决定食品安全标识制度能否有效运行的重要因素,准确测度消费者对质量安全标识的支付意愿对于食品安全标识制度的完善具有重要意义。国内以往研究多采用假想价值评估法(CVM)对单一标识的支付意愿进行测度,但由于商品价值通常由其内含的各种特征的价值共同决定,单独测度某一标识的支付意愿会忽略不同特征间的交互影响。以猪肉质量安全标识作为研究对象,采用选择实验模型法(CE)测度多种质量安全标识共存条件下的消费者支付意愿。研究结果表明:对食品加贴不同种类的标签标识都有助于提高消费者的效用水平;我国消费者对质量安全标识的支付意愿较高;可追溯标识一定程度上能够增加消费者对安全认证标识的信任度进而提高其支付意愿;原产地标识对安全认证标识的支付意愿影响不大,但可以强化消费者对产品质量品质的信任度。     

WTP差异下的再制造进入决策研究

本文在消费者对再制造产品及新产品的支付意愿存在差异的条件下,分别对有无竞争环境下OEM的再制造进入决策边界条件进行了研究。研究结果表明,满足边界条件时,虽然再制造产品对新产品的市场产生了蚕食效应,但再制造产品的获利性能弥补这种损失,使得OEM进入再制造能获取更多的利润。在此基础上,通过数值仿真,讨论了不同参数对OEM及竞争者的产量及利润的影响。     

河流生态恢复意愿调查居民支付与否的经济学分析——基于上海城市河流2010年和2006年数据的比较

意愿价值评估法(CVM)应用于生态服务价值评估时,零支付意愿的处理直接影响结果的估计值。我国特有的社会结构和发展阶段使得零支付意愿的原因复杂化、特殊化。在2006年研究成果的基础上,应用CVM方法于2010年再次调查上海居民对城市内河生态恢复的支付意愿(WTP),问卷中增加了对居民家庭中工作人口数量、房屋产权情况、是否步行到达河边等因素的调查。采用Logit概率模型分析影响居民支付与否的主要影响因素。结果显示:非高等教育、非沪户籍、老年人、对水体环境不满意、距离河流较远等因素增加了居民不愿意支付的概率。与2006年调查相比较,户籍、教育等因素影响呈现一定稳定性。沿河居住时期、家庭中工作人口数等因素呈现不同影响。最后指出:我国经济转型阶段的社会结构、制度安排等造成CVM支付意愿和真实需求之间的偏离,应用CVM方法及结果时须考虑这一效应。     

条件价值评估:一种非市场的价值评估技术

条件价值评估法是目前生态(环境)经济学中最重要的和应用最为广泛的公共所有物价值的一种评估方法。它可用于评估环境物品的利用价值和非利用价值,并被认为是可用于环境物品和服务的非利用价值评估的唯一方法。条件价值评估法通过问卷调查反映环境影响下的价值问题,是一种理论化极强的评价方法。但是由于该方法在我国起步较晚,还没有被大多数学者和专家所注意。     

Valuing Mortality-Risk Reduction: Using Visual Aids to Improve the Validity of Contingent Valuation

We investigate the validity of contingent valuation (CV) estimates of the value per statistical life (VSL). We test for sensitivity of estimated willingness to pay (WTP) to the magnitude of mortality-risk reduction and for the theoretically predicted proportionality of WTP to risk reduction using alternative visual aids to communicate risk. We find that WTP is sensitive to the magnitude of risk reduction for independent subsamples of respondents presented with each of three alternative visual aids, but not for the subsample presented with no visual aid. Estimated WTP is consistent with proportionality to risk reduction for the subsamples presented with a logarithmic scale or an array of 25,000 dots, but not for the subsample receiving a linear scale. These results suggest that CV can provide valid estimates of WTP for mortality-risk reduction if appropriate methods are used to communicate the risk change to respondents.     

江汉平原农业多功能性保全的CVM研究

应用条件价值评估法（CVM），采用人户调查和访谈相结合的方式，随机抽样调查了江汉平原部分县乡的870位农民，了解农民对农业多重功能的具体内涵、公益功能的保护责任等方面的认知程度，调查农民自愿参与农业多功能性保全的支付意愿，并对影响支付意愿的主要社会经济因素进行相关性分析。结果表明：在除了物质生产以外的公益功能中，受访者对防止水土流失这一公益功能的认知度最高，达67．84％，而对其它公益功能的认知度都低于50％；86．84％的受访者愿意为农业多功能的保全支付额外的费用，剩余的13．16％则因责任归属不明或时间金钱匮乏等而拒绝支付；对影响农民支付意愿的诸多因素进行的相关分析显示，支付意愿与调查区域、性别、文化程度、收入来源呈极显著相关，与受访者年龄呈显著相关；运用Logistic回归分析得出家庭收入来源和受教育程度这2项对支付意愿的敏感性较大，而年龄和性别这2项对支付意愿的敏感性较小。     

基于选择联合分析法的不同群体环境变动偏好分析

目前,中国环境价值评估领域中基于选择联合分析法的案例未见报道。运用基于选择联合分析法分析城市居民对水环境变化的支付意愿,选取1 040个样本户,实地调查江西省九江市柘林湖下游城市居民对柘林湖水环境变化的支付意愿,结果表明:基于选择联合分析法能够更精确地揭示边际支付意愿的变动,Clogit模型分析结果显示居民对水质改善的偏好高于对供水稳定性改善的偏好;整体样本组不含交叉项模型支付意愿估计结果为17.57元/月/户,含交叉项模型估计结果为17.54元/月/户,是否加入收入与环境属性交叉项对支付意愿估值影响不大。不考虑抗议性群体的分析表明,直接估计样本量的支付意愿会造成估值结果低估;非本地户籍家庭较本地户籍家庭对公共物品"搭便车"的心理更加明显;非环保组的支付意愿要高于环保组的支付意愿;低收入组的边际支付意愿要高于样本整体组,与预期结果不一致,建议进一步深入研究。     

A multilevel analysis of the determinants of willingness to pay to prevent environmental pollution across countries

This paper discusses the extent to which individual and contextual level factors influence the likelihood of individuals’ willingness to pay (WTP) to prevent environmental pollution. A multilevel probit regression framework was set up to explain WTP to prevent environmental pollution. We use data from the World Values Survey (WVS), which contains socio-economic and socio-demographic information, and merged it with country level covariates. Compared to many previous studies, our dataset encompasses a more indepth set of individual level covariates. We find that rich people, individuals with higher education, as well as those who possess post-materialist values are more likely to be concerned about environmental pollution. This study reveals that in developed countries, 90% of country variation in WTP to prevent environmental pollution can be explained by individual characteristics. This portion reduces to 80% in the case of developing countries. An interesting feature in our study is the ability to investigate the effect of contextual factors on individuals’ willingness to contribute for the environment. We observe that both democracy and government stability reduce individuals’ intention to donate to prevent environmental damage mainly in developed countries.     

煤炭矿区生态环境改善的支付意愿与受偿意愿的差异性分析——以榆林市神木县、府谷县和榆阳区为例

支付意愿（WTP）与受偿意愿（WTA）是条件价值评估法（CVM）评估生态环境影响价值的两个测量尺度。然而在实际应用中，同一种环境物品的WTP与Ⅵ吓A之间却存在着显著的差异。以榆林市神木县、府谷县和榆阳区为例，运用CVM对煤炭矿区居民的WTP与WTA进行了研究，发现WTP与WTA之间的差异较大。通过对WTP与WTA之间差异的经济社会因素进行实证分析，发现WTP与WTA之间的差异受被调查者的职业状况、年龄及所在行政区域的影响较大。在中国煤炭矿区的CVM应用中，应以WTP作为首选，可以将WTA作为WTP的有效补充。     

Selecting human health metrics for environmental decision-support tools.

Environmental decision‐support tools often predict a multitude of different human health effects due to environmental stressors. The accounting and aggregating of these morbidity and mortality outcomes is key to support decision making and can be accomplished by different methods that we call human health metrics. This article attempts to answer two questions: Does it matter which metric is chosen? and What are the relevant characteristics of these metrics in environmental applications? Three metrics (quality adjusted life years (QALYs), disability adjusted life years (DALYs), and willingness to pay (WTP)) have been applied to the same diverse set of health effects due to environmental impacts. In this example, the choice of metric mattered for the ranking of these environmental impacts and it was found for this example that WTP was dominated by mortality outcomes. Further, QALYs and DALYs are sensitive to mild illnesses that affect large numbers of people and the severity of these mild illnesses are difficult to assess. Eight guiding questions are provided in order to help select human health metrics for environmental decision‐support tools. Since health metrics tend to follow the paradigm of utility maximization, these metrics may be supplemented with a semi‐quantitative discussion of distributional and ethical aspects. Finally, the magnitude of age‐dependent disutility due to mortality for both monetary and nonmonetary metrics may bear the largest practical relevance for future research.