基于利他偏好的学习模型及其实验研究

利他行为一直伴随着人类的历史,同时企业的成长过程也是一个不断学习的过程,因此建立基于利他偏好的学习博弈模型更加符合企业的需要,然而目前尚未见此研究.考虑了利他偏好之后,用效用函数取代直接收益,建立了改进的EWA学习模型,确定各参数的取值方法,给出了初始魅力值计算公式.设计了二级供应链情景下的实验,通过实验获得了数据.采用Matlab软件统计分析后发现:与基本EWA模型相比,考虑了利他偏好之后,实验者的策略选择更快地收敛,说明考虑利他偏好后EWA学习模型的学习效果更好.另外,社会距离越小,实验者的策略选择也越快地收敛,说明社会距离对策略的选择有显著影响,企业应该注重培养战略伙伴关系,降低社会距离,形成长期的合作关系.     

组织变革背景下员工角色超载的影响作用： 一个有调节的中介模型

组织变革日益成为我国企业进行转型升级的重要途径。以往研究对企业员工在变革背景下的角色压力及其影响后果关注不多,针对380名员工的问卷调查发现,在组织变革背景下,员工对自身角色超载的感知会降低他们对组织的情感承诺,进而提高其离职倾向,并同时降低其任务绩效、减少帮助行为。另外,员工在组织中的参与程度会调节上述中介关系。具体而言,当参与程度较高时,角色超载通过情感承诺间接影响离职倾向、任务绩效和帮助行为这三类结果的效应就会减弱,反之则增强。这些发现一方面增进了关于角色超载影响作用的深入理解,另一方面也对组织变革和压力管理的理论和实践提供了重要启示。     

物质的追求能否带来快乐与幸福--物质主义价值观及其影响研究

物质主义通常指一种强调物质拥有和社会声望重要性的个体价值观。高物质主义者在对外部目标的追求与基本心理需要的满足之间形成了一个不断循环的怪圈。这个循环体系维系了物质主义的生活方式,却也带来更低的自我评价、更高的不满意感和更负面的情绪反应。文章概括了物质主义价值观对幸福感的影响以及社会比较和自尊在其中的中介作用;物质主义价值观对人际信任与助人意愿的影响,也为指导大众树立正确的消费观念,开启健康的生活模式提供了建议和引导。     

Exploring the nonverbal facet of ethnic discrimination: a field experiment on anti-Roma racism in the Paris métro

A field experiment on the discrimination of Roma migrants from Eastern Europe was conducted in two stations of the Paris metro to explore the behaviors that may communicate misrecognition in everyday encounters. An actress asked for help to randomly chosen passengers on a metro platform, wearing a glaringly Romani skirt in the treatment condition but an unconspicuous middle-class style in the control condition. In interaction with the actress wearing the Romani skirt, passengers were found to enact the so-called “visual dominance pattern”, and male passengers in particular were found to keep greater distances. Reverse discrimination also occurred as women kept shorter distances from the actress bearing the ethnic stigma. Last, passengers helped less the stigmatized actress, but only in one of the two metro stations where trials were conducted.     

Does the sense of the geographic proximity of a requester influence donation? Three evaluations in field studies

It has been reported that familiarity or incidental similarities with a stranger influenced an individual’s behavior. However, the effect of the sense of geographical proximity believing that someone comes from the same area that somebody has never been examined. Three field experiments examined this effect on donations to humanitarian organizations. In the first study, participants were asked by a confederate to donate food products to a humanitarian organization. In Study 2, participants were asked by confederates to donate money for children. In Study 3, donation boxes were displayed in bakeries with a message that invited customers to donate money for children. In all the studies, participants were led to believe that they would be helping people in need or people who live in their national or local geographic area. Results showed that donations were higher in the geographical proximity condition. This “neighborhood effect” was discussed.     

Penny for Your Thoughts: Beggars and the Exercise of Morality in Daily Life1

Urban sociology has tended to study interactions between passersby and “street persons” with an emphasis on the ways street persons become bothersome, harassing, or dangerous. This article moves away from the focus on the ways interactions in public go awry and focuses on how individuals account for the mundane, everyday exchanges they have with strangers who seek their help. Based on interview data (N = 31) and qualitative analysis of data from an Internet survey (N = 110), this article suggests that the presence of beggars does not inherently symbolize urban decay to passersby and does not necessarily elicit anxiety, but instead provides a valuable texture of urban life. Further, the article argues that individuals, when justifying their responses to requests for help from needy persons (beggars) in urban spaces, use a variety of cultural strategies to maintain their perception of themselves as moral persons, both when they choose to help and when they refuse. Drawing from these findings, the article suggests that urban sociology and the sociology of risk would benefit from sensitizing their studies of public interactions to the diverse meanings individuals assign to them, rather than presupposing annoyance, anxiety, or fear as their predominant characteristic.     

转型背景下雇佣关系模式对员工助人行为的影响

通过对我国264对上下级的问卷调查发现,员工基于组织的自尊在互相投入和过度投入雇佣关系模式与助人行为之间发挥完全中介作用。相比过度投入而言,互相投入模式对员工基于组织的自尊有更大的正向影响。同时,研究还发现,个体的传统性文化价值观会调节这2种雇佣关系模式与基于组织自尊的关系。具体而言,对于传统性较高的员工,这2种雇佣模式对基于组织自尊的影响变弱;对于传统性较低的员工,2种雇佣模式对基于组织自尊的影响增强。     

湘西土家族苗族自治州扶贫开发的历史反思

经过 2 0年的艰苦奋斗 ,湘西土家族苗族自治州的扶贫开发取得了显著成效 ,基本实现了预期的扶贫工作目标。但是 ,全州仍然有相当部分农村人口尚未解决温饱问题 ,扶贫任务还十分艰巨。本文从全国反贫困战略的角度 ,梳理了湘西州扶贫开发的基本过程 ,评述了扶贫开发的思路和举措 ,总结了 2 0年扶贫开发的基本经验 ,对于推动下一步的扶贫开发工作具有一定的启发作用。     

电商闭环供应链中的“让利”公平关切回收决策研究

针对单一再造商和单一电商平台构成的两阶段电商闭环供应链,本文研究了电商闭环供应链的三种回收决策模型：再造商无公平关切的分散决策模型、再造商让利公平关切的分散决策模型以及联合决策模型。然后,求解分析模型,给出每种模式的最优回收策略,并对三种模式的最优决策进行比较分析。在此基础之上,进一步设计电商闭环供应链的"回收成本共担联合收益共享"契约,实现系统的协调。最后,采用数值分析对模型结论进行验证。研究发现：（1）再造商的公平关切行为是一种"让利"行为：虽然对自身收益不利,但是对电商平台和消费者都有利,当让利公平关切程度不高于0.5时,对系统利润起到促进作用,但是当让利程度超高0.5时,会造成系统利润下降。因此再造商往往迫于一定的压力实施让利公平关切,并且让利程度有限,一般不超过0.5。从长远来看,再造商的让利公平关切能够稳固EC-CLSC的稳定运行。（2）联合决策下,废旧品回收价格达到最高,电商平台佣金最低,系统利润最优,采用文章设计的"回收成本共担联合收益共享"契约可以实现系统协调。（3）在协调机制中,再造商分担电商平台的成本比例恰好等于分得的系统利润比例。而且随着佣金的降低,再造商分担电商平台服务成本的比例和电商平台分享再造商收益的比例均会增加。这些结论丰富完善了电商闭环供应链的理论基础,为电商闭环供应链成员的决策提供一定的理论参考。     

How Rehabilitation Professionals Define the Concepts of Spirituality and Religion When Working with Individuals with Disabilities

ABSTRACT

Recently, some helping professionals have called for the inclusion of spirituality and religion in practice. This has created an important debate. As a result, it has become apparent that individual educators and practitioners are unclear about what is meant by these concepts as they relate to practice. This study utilized in-depth interviews to understand the essential meanings that fifteen rehabilitation professionals assigned to the concepts of spirituality and religion in their practices with individuals with disabilities. Two essential themes developed for spirituality, and three developed for religion. Implications for the future use of these concepts in practice are discussed.