Allocation of resources in asymmetric competitions: How do the weak maintain a chance of winning?

To maintain a chance of occasionally beating a stronger player in a competition waged over several fields, a weaker player should give up on some of the fields and concentrate resources on the remaining ones. But when do weak players actually do this? And which fields do they give up when the fields differ in their likelihood of being assessed? We report an experimental study of resource allocation in which asymmetric pairs of players compete over asymmetric fields. Symmetric players and symmetric fields are used for control. We find that players behave as follows: (1) Average wins are the same in the symmetric and asymmetric fields conditions and correspond to relative player strength. (2) The proportion of fields given up on decreases with a player’s greater relative strength, increases for asymmetric field likelihoods, and increases when competitions are framed in meaningful context; this proportion is related to wins. (3) When field likelihoods are asymmetric, players’ resource allocation is correlated with likelihood. Wins generally increase with that correlation but the relation is different for players of different strength. (4) The proportion of fields given up on and the correlation with likelihood change with experience towards the values corresponding to higher wins.     

政府、产业环境、顾客与企业合作创新

合作创新是企业突破系统边界的外部技术协同活动,外部环境通过政府支持、行业竞争程度、竞争企业战略相似性、顾客参与等因素对合作创新系统及其绩效产生影响。通过对山东省、山西省、北京市等地的139家企业进行问卷调查,以合作创新绩效为因变量,政府支持、行业竞争程度、竞争企业战略相似性、顾客参与度为自变量,采用因子分析、多元回归分析等方法进行实证研究,发现政府支持度、产业竞争程度、顾客参与度三个变量与合作创新绩效呈正向促进关系,而竞争企业战略相似性则与合作创新绩效呈反向关系。     

Mathematical model allowing the coexistence of closely related competitors at the initial stage of evolution

The mathematical model presented here aims to elucidate the essential mechanisms of coexistence of species, especially those of closely related forms, as a result of competition in the same environment. It describes a system where the fate of the competitors or mutants is observed at the initial stage of evolution. The model encompasses both the external variables and the internal state of the competitors, which differ only in one of the metabolic rate constants. Results of simulations, even with the simplified form of the model, show that stable coexistence of closely related forms in a uniform environment is possible. In addition, the model allows the analysis of the limitations on the level of differences and similarities among the competitors for achieving a state of coexistence. The essential mechanisms for the coexistence of closely related competitors are proposed to be the involvement of the metabolic network in allowing the same growth rate of competitors which have different internal states, and the interplay between the internal states of the competitors and the external variables of their environment.     

企业网络口碑推荐的反联盟博弈分析

构建企业、竞争对手、网络消费者三方博弈模型,分析三者之间的博弈及其利益的得失,进而分析网络口碑负面推荐形成的原因和机理。研究表明: 竞争对手与网络消费者之间具有共同的利益,联盟动力较强,二者的联盟是企业网络口碑负面推荐产生的主要原因;打破竞争对手与网络消费者之间联盟的根本是降低二者选择联盟策略的收益,压缩其博弈空间。