对农村土地承包经营权具体期限设置的思考 ——基于“轮+期限” 与“适当调整” 法律适宜性的探讨

土地承包经营权是一种有期限的新型物权,合理、恰当地设置其期限,可以稳定农民与土地的关系,进而稳定土地经营权使用者的未来土地收益,有利于规范农村土地流转市场秩序,稳定地实现农民的土地财产性收益。新通过的《农村土地承包法》修订草案对耕地承包期届满后作出“再延长三十年”的修订,需要警惕落入形式化的“长久不变”而掩盖风险,因此要反思“自动续期三十年”背后的原委及可能的调整。从农村土地承包关系及其期限设置的政策与法律变迁着手,论证了“长久不变”并不等于没有期限以及设置“每轮”的政策合理性,并阐述了实践中土地流转需要的差异性、变动性与土地承包经营权期限设置的不匹配困境，凸显法律“适当调整”的必要性。将“长久不变”由“土地关系”的调整转向“土地利益”的调整,土地利益协调由形式公平转向实质公平,这直接体现出“适当调整”以均衡土地利益关系来回应“长久不变”的实质性与精准性。最后，从确保我国农村土地承包关系实质“长久不变”的层面提出了“确保大稳定”“预期小调整”的优化路径。     

基于犹豫直觉模糊语言集均值-标准差偏好距离的多属性决策研究

在犹豫直觉模糊语言集和语言尺度函数的基础上定义了均值-标准差偏好的Hamming距离，并提出了基于犹豫直觉模糊语言集距离TOPSIS和TODIM的多属性决策方法，进一步利用这两种方法对实例问题建筑商的招标方案进行排序，并讨论了偏好参数对排序结果的灵敏度分析。为验证上述方法的有效性，与已有方法对同一实例的排序结果进行了比较分析。     

基于Mo-RVIKOR的混合多属性决策方法

针对复杂性和不确定性多属性决策问题，考虑定量和定性融合的属性形式，提出了模块化随机多准则妥协解排序法（Modular Random VlseKriterijumska Opti-mizacija I Kompromisno Resenje，Mo-RVIKOR），该方法无需将信息统一，就能处理多种信息形式存在的多属性决策问题。采用精确数、随机变量处理定量评价信息，用概率语义术语集处理定性评价信息；通过改进离差最大化法确定属性权重；根据Mo-RVIKOR对决策对象进行排序；最后以某公司C2B定制化服务质量评测项目为例，验证了所提方法的有效性。     

异质性技术视角下中国高技术制造业创新效率研究

目前，学术界对选取何种风险调整贴现率期限结构还存在争议，导致对同类投资项目得 出不同的管理指引意见． 针对这一争议，本文通过划分资本产出方式， 寻找影响贴现率结构的 主要因素． 研究表明，不确定的宏观经济产出和项目非系统风险共同影响风险溢价系数， 同时 风险溢价系数决定贴现率期限结构． 其中，当风险溢价系数大于某确定阈值， 贴现率随时间递 增; 其余情况表现为递减．     

Social service purchasing in China: Rationale,features, and risks

As part of a broader program of market reform, China's local governments are progressing an agenda of purchasing child welfare and other social services from the nongovernment sector, primarily to expand capacity and address vast unmet need. This paper draws on current research evidence to explore the approaches to purchasing emerging in China, examining the rationale for purchasing and models of supply, competition, and regulation. While some approaches are modeled on direct service contracting, direct purchasing of social service “posts” is also used, aimed at achieving goals of professionalization alongside service expansion. Overall, the review shows purchasing is helping to rapidly expand service scale and capacity; however, regulatory strategies for managing and mitigating risks to quality and access appear lacking. This highlights the need for further scholarship aimed at developing the robust risk management strategies which are required to support high quality, sustainable provision of purchased services.     

The turn to optional familialism through the market: Long‐term care,cash‐for‐care,and caregiving policies in Europe

Cash‐for‐care (CfC) schemes are monetary transfers to people in need of care who can use them to organize their own care arrangements. Mostly introduced in the 1990s, these schemes combine different policy objectives, as they can aim at (implicitly or explicitly) supporting informal caregivers as well as increasing user choice in long‐term care or even foster the formalization of care relations and the creation of care markets. This article explores from a comparative perspective, how CfC schemes, within broader long‐term care policies, envision, frame, and aim to condition informal care, if different models of relationships between CfC and informal care exist and how these have persisted or changed over time and into which directions. Building on the scholarly debate on familialization vs. defamilialization policies, the paper proposes an analytical framework to investigate the trajectories of seven European countries over a period of 20 years. The results show that, far from being simply instruments of supported familialism, CfC schemes have contributed to a turn towards “optional familialism through the market,” according to which families are encouraged to provide family care and are (directly or indirectly) given alternatives through the provision of market care.     

OLS and IV estimation of regression models including endogenous interaction terms

We analyze a class of linear regression models including interactions of endogenous regressors and exogenous covariates. We show how to generate instrumental variables using the nonlinear functional form of the structural equation when traditional excluded instruments are unknown. We propose to use these instruments with identification robust IV inference. We furthermore show that, whenever functional form identification is not valid, the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator of the coefficient of the interaction term is consistent and standard OLS inference applies. Using our alternative empirical methods we confirm recent empirical findings on the nonlinear causal relation between financial development and economic growth.     

The color of corrections: Racial politics and prison privatization

Privatizing the administration of American prisons represents a popular tool of correctional governance. In turn, policy and public administration researchers are routinely studying the consequences of prison privatization on criminal justice outcomes such as recidivism rates and prisoner complaints. However, much less attention has been paid to the antecedents of privatization decisions occurring across states, in particular how racial determinants might be influencing privatization outcomes. Building upon existing policy research with theories of social construction and negative racial classification, we argue that privatization debates over corrections management become more racialized when Black prisoners comprise a larger share of the state prison population, predicting higher overall levels of privatization usage. We further argue that this Black prisoner presence-privatization relationship is context-specific and conditioned by two additional variables: (1) levels of mass racial stereotyping and (2) partisan composition of state government. The statistical analysis demonstrates that racial determinants do significantly influence state prison privatization decisions and in complex ways as theorized. In states where Blacks make up a larger share of the prison population, privatization usage is found to be higher. Additionally, in line with theoretical expectations, Black prisoner presence is associated with increased privatization levels most strongly in states where citizenries hold heightened levels of racial fear and Republicans have increased legislative presence. This research is of keen interest to scholars of public policy and management, who could pay more heed to the ways in which race influences decisions around administrative structuring and outcomes for taxpayers and clients.     

卖空压力对企业债券期限选择的影响——来自中国放松卖空管制准自然实验的证据

放松卖空管制后,投资者可通过挖掘公司“坏消息”在资本市场投资获利,在允许被卖空情境中,公司内部股东和管理层面临股价下行压力增大,会积极采取行动以规避被卖空的风险。借助中国证券市场2010年开始逐步放松卖空管制的准自然实验,以2007—2015年上市公司为样本,考察卖空压力对企业债券契约的影响。研究发现:放松卖空管制与企业债券期限显著负相关,特别是在大股东持股比例较高和管理层市场压力更大时。进一步分析发现,放松卖空管制与企业债务期限结构显著负相关,表明放松卖空管制会促使企业缩短发行债券的期限。研究结果显示,面对放松卖空管制引起的股价下行压力,公司大股东和管理层为了规避被卖空风险,会积极选择缩短发行债券期限以传递信号,证实了卖空机制对改善市场信息环境的积极作用。政府可以通过加强卖空机制制度建设和监管,推动企业调整行为决策,降低信息不对称。     

公司对外担保的效力认定——以意思表示规则为核心

从法律行为构成要件的角度入手,《公司法》16条第1款规定的公司对外担保问题不是当事人行为能力、标的问题。因此,判断对外担保的效力应遵循意思表示规则。公司对外担保的意思表示过程是：公司董事会或股东会做出决议,形成对外担保意思,由法定代表人向外做出意思表示。无意思形成的对外担保效力,应据动机错误的效力规则确定其效力。有意思形成的对外担保效力,属于典型当事人错误,可纳入表示内容错误。由于界定赔偿责任时,须考虑相对人的过错,相对人过错取决于其审查义务,应限制相对人只是形式审查公司章程与担保决议。