网络游戏外挂司法犯罪化的刑法规范解读

制售网络游戏外挂行为的司法犯罪化现象越来越普遍,而破坏计算机信息系统安全罪、非法经营罪和侵犯著作权罪是制售网络游戏外挂行为比较固定化的司法定性,但无论从技术的运行特征来看,还是从行为的违法性来分析,制售网络游戏外挂行为很难与现行刑法中某一具体犯罪的构成要件完全相吻合。事实上,网络游戏外挂是一种在未经软件著作权人许可的情况下,对原游戏程序的修改,从而增进游戏功能和效率的行为,而慎重适用刑法规范调整网络游戏外挂现象,既能最大限度实现非刑法制度的规范价值,又能更好地体现刑法保障性规范的谦抑性原则。     

危险驾驶行为入罪的合理性及其立法改进

对危险驾驶行为是否应当入罪的探讨,针对的并不是应否弥补我国法律制裁体系的疏漏,其焦点在于是否应当将原本属于行政处罚范围的若干行政违法行为纳入刑事制裁的范围。受当前各种主客观条件的限制,对危险驾驶行为的行政制裁明显乏力,因此将若干情形的危险驾驶行为入罪具有一定的合理性,但是必须要注意对入罪的范围和程度加以限制;同时,更要认识到,就对危险驾驶等交通违法犯罪行为的防治而言,关键在于形成多种社会治理手段的整体合力。对危险驾驶罪的立法设计应从罪状与法定刑两个方面同时加以改进:一方面,应在罪状中适当增加危险驾驶罪的行为方式,并对各种行为方式均设置"情节恶劣"或"情节严重"等限制性规定;另一方面,应在法定刑中增加"二年以下有期徒刑"、"管制"和"单处罚金"的刑罚配置。     

Older Women's Perceptions of Elder Maltreatment and Ethical Dilemmas in Adult Protective Services: A Cross-Cultural,Exploratory Study

In this study, older African American, Latina, and Caucasian women from varying socioeconomic backgrounds participated in eight focus groups that examined their perceptions of elder maltreatment and three ethical dilemmas within adult protective service work: mandatory reporting, involuntary protective services, and criminalization of elder maltreatment. Participants espoused a broad and inclusive view of elder maltreatment. In responding to illustrative case scenarios, participants strongly favored protection over freedom by supporting mandatory reporting and involuntary protective services. Criminalization of elder maltreatment also was supported. This article presents results of each scenario and broad themes across the study, with attention paid to areas of consistency and difference across ethnicity and socioeconomic categories.     

宽严相济刑事政策下的犯罪化问题反思——以网络“裸聊”行为为视角

中国现阶段强调实行宽严相济的刑事政策,而对包括网络"裸聊"行为在内的网络色情活动的打击力度逐渐加大,本文从立足于"宽严相济"刑事政策,从社会危害性理论及刑法谦抑性原则的角度论述网络"裸聊"行为不宜犯罪化。     

权利与规制：“非实名制”下的计算机网络欺辱犯罪研究——以美国法律规定及相关判例为分析进路

计算机网络欺辱犯罪是传统欺辱犯罪在网络虚拟世界中的表现，但由于计算机网络的广域开放性和全面传播性，这一犯罪又与其同态的传统欺辱犯罪有着很大差别。美国宪法赋予了公民匿名发表言论的基本权利，这一权利价值也体现在计算机网络环境中。对于匿名计算机网络欺辱犯罪的规制，美国经历了无法可依到逐步建立起专门的刑事法体系的过程。在计算机网络欺辱犯罪立法与司法中，美国以宪法为依据保护公民在网络中的“非实名制”权利并兼顾计算机网络言论自由，由此为基础展开刑事惩治。我国既有刑法不能全面涵盖计算机网络欺辱犯罪，应该新立刑法规范实现有效规制。     

论聚众淫乱罪的犯罪化与非犯罪化

聚众淫乱罪的非犯罪化与犯罪化存在争议。从规范的方面分析本罪的犯罪构成特征,将本罪分为秘密型与公然型两种,并对区分秘密与公然的标准提出意见。从法理方面,分别对两种行为类型进行分析:从刑法介入道德的准则角度,分析两种类型违背的伦理道德;从刑法谦抑角度,分析两种行为类型是否符合刑法宽容性、补充性、经济性。结论是秘密的聚众淫乱行为应当非犯罪化,公然的聚众淫乱应当犯罪化。     

论和谐社会下过失危险行为的刑法范式——以过失危险行为犯罪化为视角

在我国当前和谐的社会背景下，过失危险行为是否应当犯罪化仍存在颇多争议。文章从刑法公正和谦抑的价值入手，通过深入分析过失危险行为的立论基础，认为过失危险行为应适度犯罪化，其刑罚设置应尽量经济合理，以短期自由刑和罚金刑等轻刑为主。     

The pains of immigrant imprisonment

The immigrant detention system in the United States is civil, rather than criminal, and therefore nonpunitive. However, in practice, detained immigrants lacking many basic constitutional protections find themselves in facilities that are often indistinguishable from prisons and jails. In this paper, we explore the crisis of immigrant imprisonment at the affective level, focusing on the painful experiences of immigrant detainees, while also emphasizing its systemic and racialized nature. Specifically, we place a review of a growing body of research that draws connections between immigrant detention and mass imprisonment alongside the findings from numerous reports issued by human rights organizations on the conditions of confinement within immigrant detention facilities. Using a “pains of imprisonment” framework, we highlight four particularly prominent “pains”: containment, exploitation, coercion, and legal violence. We suggest the infliction of such pain, especially when contextualized within a broader history of Latina/o oppression, demonstrates that immigration prisons are in fact punitive, “lawless spaces” where penal oppression is exercised. We conclude with a call for sociologists to become more attentive to this crisis, and to appreciate the similarities between immigration detention and other forms of racialized social control—namely, mass incarceration.     

The Declining Significance of Delinquent Labels in Disadvantaged Urban Communities1

Labeling theory posits that formal sanctions contribute negative defining information to a youth’s reputation and that novice delinquents internalize these negative appraisals. Reflected appraisals and social rejection, in turn, reinforce delinquency. In the context of severely disadvantaged inner‐city communities—where arrests have become a normal and expected ritual of male adolescence, and official labelers and labels have less legitimacy—the alleged preconditions for a “labeling” effect of an arrest are generally not met. Retrospective, personal interviews with 20 minority youth (aged 18–20) from high‐poverty urban neighborhoods, who experienced at least one juvenile arrest, suggest that juvenile arrests typically carry little stigma and do little discernible harm to self‐concept or social relationships. Micro‐level labeling theory is an inadequate framework to understand the social impact of mass criminal justice intervention in inner‐city communities. Whereas the individual social psychological impact of the official labeling process has weakened, the mass criminalization of inner‐city African‐American youth has exacted collective costs in terms of social exclusion and diminished social expectations.     

论作为兜底罪名的帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪

随着网络产业在新时期的迅猛发展,我国帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪定罪数量逐年上涨,由此引发对该罪名立法设定与司法适用广泛而激烈的反思和质疑,批判帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪成为兜底罪名的见解层出叠见。为规范该罪名的现实运行以及释放该罪名的内在价值,我国应立足该罪的本质意涵,肯定该罪帮助行为正犯化的立法本质,科学看待其兜底罪名的性质特征,重新审视过往对于兜底罪名全然否定的标签,明确该罪的积极意义。在立法设计方面,帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪针对网络犯罪非接触性、去地域性以及分工离散性的特点,以切断电信网络诈骗等信息网络犯罪的犯罪支援为核心要旨,体现“围点打援”的犯罪打击策略,实现对网络犯罪本身的治罪和治理,在立法技术与立法策略方面具备充分的合理性。在司法实践方面,首先,应当保障罪名适用的处罚正当性,精确罪名的可罚性等价程度,实现罪名处罚的正当性;其次,应建立定罪量刑的归类模型,对行为定罪量刑进行归类分析,构建使法秩序得到统一的结构模型;再次,应规范不同层级罪名适用条件,拒绝随意化与扩张化地认定犯罪;最后,应准确把握明知要件的适用条件,防止帮助行为自身类型化特征不足而诱发的罪刑法定原则危机,充分释放该罪在信息网络犯罪治理中的积极价值,实现刑法保护机能和保障机能的动态平衡。