Managing the Risk of Aggressive Dog Behavior: Investigating the Influence of Owner Threat and Efficacy Perceptions

Aggressive behavior in pet dogs is a serious problem for dog owners across the globe, with bite injuries representing a serious risk to both people and other dogs. The effective management of aggressive behavior in dogs represents a challenging and controversial issue. Although positive reinforcement training methods are now considered to be the most effective and humane technique to manage the risk of aggression, punishment‐based methods continue to be used. Unfortunately, there has been little scientific study into the various factors influencing whether dog owners choose to use positive reinforcement techniques to manage aggression in their dogs. As such, current understanding of how best to encourage and support dog owners to use these methods remains extremely limited. This article uses a survey methodology based on protection motivation theory (PMT) to investigate the factors that influence owner use of positive reinforcement methods to manage aggressive behavior, in an attempt to understand potential barriers and drivers of use. In addition, the article provides an initial exploration of the potential role of wider psychological factors, including owner emotional state, social influence, and cognitive bias. Findings show that the perceived efficacy of positive reinforcement methods and the perceived ability of owners to effectively implement the technique are both key factors predicting future intentions and current reported use. Future interventions should focus on enhancing owner confidence in the effective use of positive reinforcement techniques across multiple scenarios, as well as helping owners manage their own emotional responses when they encounter challenging situations and setbacks.     

两级供应链中延保服务与基础质保服务交互策略

延保服务已成为商家获取高额利润的重要手段。本文以一个制造商和一个零售商组成的两级供应链为对象，分别在单主体（制造商或零售商）和两主体同时提供延保（偏向于制造商或零售商延保）情形下，研究最优延保定价、产品定价及延保与基础质保交互的决策。结果表明：维修成本直接影响延保的提供方式。仅制造商或零售商提供延保时，延保期限对基础质保期限有明显促进或抑制作用，且制造商提供延保有利于制造商和零售商。两者同时提供延保时，延保竞争促使其价格降低，且消费者偏向于某主体时，其延保价格相对高于另一方；基础质保与延保的交互关系取决于竞争程度。当消费者偏向制造商延保时，供应链各方所获取的利润较为稳健，相对高于单一主体提供延保情形时的利润。     

Cooperation and preference by peers in early childhood: A longitudinal study

Children who are more proficient in cooperation with peers tend to be more preferred. To date, the development of peer cooperation has been studied mainly in two research traditions, one focusing on action coordination and the other focusing on interaction quality. Both aspects of cooperation are relevant for children's peer relations, but it is unclear whether both aspects of children's earliest cooperation skills predict their later preference by peers after the transition into organized social groups in school. In this study, we assessed coordination proficiency and interaction quality of 181 Dutch children longitudinally from 2 to 4 years of age. No relation between early action coordination and later preference by peers at school was found. However, especially in girls more affiliative and fewer antagonistic behaviors at the age of two predicted likeability among classmates at school at the age of four. The findings shine new light on the earliest foundations of children's peer evaluations.     

从偏见视角解读医患关系

偏见是个体以不正确或不充分的信息为依据,并对其他人形成先入为主的负性判断,泛化至群体中则会表现为人们对某群体产生片面或错误的认知。文章从消极刻板印象、期望差异与归因偏差这三个角度解释了医患群体产生偏见的心理机制,在此基础上讨论偏见对医患关系造成的消极影响,并结合社会现实提出减少医患双方偏见的方法。     

Research on Marital Satisfaction and Stability in the 2010s: Challenging Conventional Wisdom

Although getting married is no longer a requirement for social acceptance, most people do marry in their lifetimes, and couples across the socioeconomic spectrum wish their marriages to be satisfying and long lasting. This review evaluates the past decade of research on the determinants of satisfaction and stability in marriage, concluding that the scholarship of the past 10 years has undermined three assumptions that were formerly accepted as conventional wisdom. First, research exploiting methods such as latent class growth analyses reveal that, for most couples, marital satisfaction does not decline over time but in fact remains relatively stable for long periods. Second, contrary to predictions of behavioral models of marriage, negative communication between spouses can be difficult to change, does not necessarily lead to more satisfying relationships when it is changed, and does not always predict distress in the first place. Third, dyadic processes that are reliably adaptive for middle-class and more affluent couples may operate differently in lower income couples, suggesting that influential models of marriage may not generalize to couples living in diverse environments. Thus, the accumulated research of the past 10 years indicates that the tasks of understanding and promoting marital satisfaction and stability are more complex than we appreciated at the start of the decade, raising important questions that beg to be answered in the years ahead.     

Couple-Level Patterns of Disclosure Process Beliefs and Their Association with Marital Satisfaction

Abstract

Grounded in symbolic interaction theory, we used latent class analysis (LCA) to investigate the preexisting patterns of belief surrounding the disclosure process in married relationships. With a sample of 131 heterosexual married dyads from the U.S., we found four classes: two classes represented similarity of spouses’ beliefs (Both High Beliefs and Neither High Beliefs), and two classes represented dissimilarity of spouses’ beliefs (where only the wife endorsed high beliefs, Wife High Beliefs, and where only the husband did, Husband High Beliefs). Husbands’ satisfaction was positively associated with membership in the Both High Beliefs class. An interaction between spouses’ satisfaction was found: the impact of wives’ satisfaction on class membership is dependent on husbands’ satisfaction. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

儒、商互动与晚明郎署文学权力之下降

奢靡世风之下的儒、商互动,建立在士人逐利、商贾求名基础之上,导致士商相混,界限模糊。这一方面促使郎署文人自觉不自觉地调整、改易着其写作风貌,以前多适用于上流社会的一些应用文体,很大程度上因之走向商贾、市井之家,逐渐普泛化、世俗化。另一方面,它又是“性灵”说的催生剂。同时,还使得一些郎署文人关注通俗文学,自觉参与到小说、戏曲等通俗文学样式的创作、刊刻、批评与传播过程中。这从内外两个层面,对郎署文学形成很大冲撞,致使其文学权力下降。从某种意义上说,这标志着晚明文学开始由以传统诗文为主的雅文学,逐渐向以小说、戏曲为重心的通俗文学转型。     

通过科学立法促进民族交往交流交融的法理探讨

在中华民族“多元一体”背景下，加强各民族交往交流交融，是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的必然要求。而通过科学立法建立完备的法律规范体系，则是运用法治思维和法治方式，促进各民族交往交流交融的根本前提。当前我国的民族法律规范体系虽已基本建成，但仍存在一些法律原则的表达不够严谨、法律概念的界定不够准确、法律规则的内容不够明晰和完整、规范体系的结构不够完备和和谐等缺陷和不足，难以满足在政治、经济、文化、社会和生态建设中通过法治方式有效协调民族关系，促进各民族交往交流交融的需要。这就要求立法者应遵循《立法法》确定的科学立法的形式合理性和实质合理性的要求，妥善处理法律规范体系与现实需要的适应性和可执行性，由此才能为通过法治促进各民族交往交流交融奠定坚实的制度基础。从科学立法与依法立法、民主立法的关系来看，遵循依法立法，是保障法的形式合理性的前提；坚持民主立法，则是保障法的实质合理性的根基。为提升立法的科学品质，必须健全违宪审查机制、协商民主机制和立法理论形成机制，确保依法立法、民主立法原则的有效落实。     

Every Minute Counts: Using Process Improvement and Performance Feedback to Improve Patient Flow in an Emergency Department

Prolonged emergency department (ED) visits are associated with a number of adverse outcomes for patients as well as lower patient satisfaction scores and increased costs. Several factors that influence the length of ED visits are out of the control of hospital employees, but some opportunities exist to improve performance. For this study, the ED department of a 150-bed hospital in the southeastern United States wanted to improve door-to-discharge time. To do so, a subprocess of door-to-discharge time was targeted, door-to-order. After analyzing the process, the team created standard orders for the 10 most common presenting conditions in the ER with preapproval, allowing nurses to submit the orders without the provider first visiting the patient. Following the process change, daily feedback was added to increase utilization of the preapproved orders. Reductions in door-to-order times and door-to-discharge were observed and patient satisfaction remained stable. Implications for future research in this area are discussed.