论环境行政公益诉讼的谦抑性——以检察机关提起环境行政公益诉讼为限

检察机关提起环境行政公益诉讼,是促进行政机关履行环境保护职责的重要方式.环境行政公益诉讼涉及检察机关、法院和行政机关三个机关,需要处理好司法权与行政权之间的关系.一方面,环境司法具有能动性,容易导致司法权与行政权之间的冲突;另一方面,基于司法有限性与环境法行政实施的特征,需要重视司法谦抑性问题.而如何认识环境行政公益诉讼的谦抑性,需要从理论和实践的维度进行分析.在检察机关提出环境行政诉讼时,应当尊重行政机关的首次管辖权、重视行政公益诉讼的诉前程序、尊重行政自由裁量权、重视行政不能问题.当然,这种谦抑并不是绝对的,为有效发挥行政公益诉讼的功能,应当把握好这种谦抑性的限度,通过明确强制诉讼范围、确定实体性裁判的要件、尊重诉讼和解等方式来处理好司法谦抑与司法监督的关系.     

Understanding vaccine knowledge,attitudes, and decision-making through college student interviews

Abstract

Objective: We aimed to explore knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about vaccines required for college-entry and vaccine-related behaviors among college students. Participants: Thirty-three full-time undergraduate students, ≥ 18 years old, enrolled at public (2) and private (3) colleges and universities in metropolitan Philadelphia in fall 2016. Methods: We conducted semistructured interviews, which were double-coded with 5,015 comments overall and 99.3% intercoder reliability (κ?=?0.779) using NVivo 11 software. Results: Six key themes emerged: (1) low knowledge about vaccines and requirements; (2) mixed attitudes about required vs. recommended vaccines; (3) high trust in medical professionals; (4) low perceived risk for vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks; (5) substantial parental influence on students’ decision-making; and (6) low utilization of Student Health Services. Conclusions: This study revealed lack of knowledge about and low prioritization of vaccination despite overall positive attitudes towards vaccines. Prematriculation education of college students is critical to increasing vaccine knowledge and use.     

法治理想及其要求

法治是当今世界公认的一种重要政治价值。法治理想的要义是通过法律规范的途径来限制任意专断权力的运作。为达到这一目标,法律规范在形式上必须满足富勒提出的八项要求,并且必须确立法律的正当程序来保障法律规范得到适当的运用。我们可以把这两方面称作法治理想形式与程序方面的要求。法治理想的要义还有助于我们理解人们围绕法治的一些重要争论,如关于实质性法治观念的争论,关于立法性法律的争论等。     

论中国特色社会主义法治道路的本质特征

2014年10月召开的中国共产党十八届四中全会明确指出"坚定不移走中国特色社会主义法治道路",这标志着中国特色社会主义法治道路已经形成。其本质特征主要体现在四个方面,即在社会主义初级阶段基础上的法治道路;由执政党直接领导和推进的法治道路;突出依法执政的法治道路;立足中国国情,并吸取人类其他法治有益经验的法治道路。     

规约含义与会话含义的哲学渊源与差异性研究

语言哲学研究的核心内容是意义理论。根据语境与语言形式,话语含义可分为规约含义与会话含义。规约含义的哲学溯源可追随到一百多年前,弗雷格将规约含义贴上了"含义的色彩"的标签。格莱斯认为,规约含义与会话含义都在语言使用过程中包含了说话人取向性,在动态中再现说话人意图或认识。探讨规约含义与会话含义的哲学渊源、本质特征,并从语言形式依赖程度、语境依赖性、推导性、撤销性、分离性、非真值条件性等因素探究了规约含义与会话含义的差异性。     

论第二语言与外语的界定

学术界对术语第二语言与外语的理解和使用一直比较混乱，导致两者的界定困难和误区。区别和界定第二语言和外语经历了从广义到狭义的发展过程，目标语环境的有无是第二语言和外语的本质区别，也是界定两者的基本依据，在目标语言环境下学习的非本族语是第二语言，而在非目标语环境下学习的非本族语是外语。在此基础上，本文阐述了语言地位、学习模式、语言水平等不能作为界定依据的理由。     

Hazard Analysis and Safety Requirements for Small Drone Operations: To What Extent Do Popular Drones Embed Safety?

Currently, published risk analyses for drones refer mainly to commercial systems, use data from civil aviation, and are based on probabilistic approaches without suggesting an inclusive list of hazards and respective requirements. Within this context, this article presents: (1) a set of safety requirements generated from the application of the systems theoretic process analysis (STPA) technique on a generic small drone system; (2) a gap analysis between the set of safety requirements and the ones met by 19 popular drone models; (3) the extent of the differences between those models, their manufacturers, and the countries of origin; and (4) the association of drone prices with the extent they meet the requirements derived by STPA. The application of STPA resulted in 70 safety requirements distributed across the authority, manufacturer, end user, or drone automation levels. A gap analysis showed high dissimilarities regarding the extent to which the 19 drones meet the same safety requirements. Statistical results suggested a positive correlation between drone prices and the extent that the 19 drones studied herein met the safety requirements generated by STPA, and significant differences were identified among the manufacturers. This work complements the existing risk assessment frameworks for small drones, and contributes to the establishment of a commonly endorsed international risk analysis framework. Such a framework will support the development of a holistic and methodologically justified standardization scheme for small drone flights.     

套管的失效分析

通过收集石油套管现场失效数据资料,以套管失效为顶事件建立了石油套管的故障树,该故障树共考虑了47个不同的基本事件。通过对套管故障树的分析,得到了套管失效故障树的一阶最小割集27个,二阶最小割集29个,四阶最小割集1个,确立了套管的主要失效形式为潜在损坏、套管挤毁、套管断裂及严重腐蚀,并提出了提高套管可靠性的措施。     

论“民族理论与民族政策”课教学中的中华民族认同教育

中华民族认同是中国各民族人民对中华民族统一体的归属、向心心理,是更高层次的民族心理认同。中华民族认同教育是贯穿民族理论与民族政策课程始终的一条红线,是其实效性的主要表现之一。它有利于增强大学生群体对中华民族统一体的归属感和向心力;有利于大学生群体抵御民族分裂主义思想侵蚀,自觉维护国家统一、民族团结;有利于大学生群体正确认识民族与国家、民族与民族的关系。     

An approach to measure distance between compositional diet estimates containing essential zeros

For many applications involving compositional data, it is necessary to establish a valid measure of distance, yet when essential zeros are present traditional distance measures are problematic. In quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA), compositional diet estimates are produced that often contain many zeros. In order to test for a difference in diet between two populations of predators using the QFASA diet estimates, a legitimate measure of distance for use in the test statistic is necessary. Since ecologists using QFASA must first select the potential species of prey in the predator's diet, the chosen measure of distance should be such that the distance between samples does not decrease as the number of species considered increases, a property known in general as subcompositional coherence. In this paper we compare three measures of distance for compositional data capable of handling zeros, but not satisfying some of the well-accepted principles of compositional data analysis. For compositional diet estimates, the most relevant of these is the property of subcompositionally coherence and we show that this property may be approximately satisfied. Based on the results of a simulation study and an application to real-life QFASA diet estimates of grey seals, we recommend the chi-square measure of distance.