基于因子分析的区域R&D绩效评价研究

研究与试验发展(R&D)活动是促进区域和谐发展的重要力量,区域R&D绩效水平的评价对促进区域R&D活动的有很强的实际意义,因子分析方法对于大量数据的抽象分析有较好的效果,适合R&D活动评价的特点,它在评价过程中能够避免人为因素影响而进行客观的评价,文章最后根据结果数据分析得出了我国创新效率有待提高的结论。     

Empirical evaluation of the implementation of the EMA guideline on missing data in confirmatory clinical trials: Specification of mixed models for longitudinal data in study protocols

In confirmatory clinical trials, the prespecification of the primary analysis model is a universally accepted scientific principle to allow strict control of the type I error. Consequently, both the ICH E9 guideline and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guideline on missing data in confirmatory clinical trials require that the primary analysis model is defined unambiguously. This requirement applies to mixed models for longitudinal data handling missing data implicitly. To evaluate the compliance with the EMA guideline, we evaluated the model specifications in those clinical study protocols from development phases II and III submitted between 2015 and 2018 to the Ethics Committee at Hannover Medical School under the German Medicinal Products Act, which planned to use a mixed model for longitudinal data in the confirmatory testing strategy. Overall, 39 trials from different types of sponsors and a wide range of therapeutic areas were evaluated. While nearly all protocols specify the fixed and random effects of the analysis model (95%), only 77% give the structure of the covariance matrix used for modeling the repeated measurements. Moreover, the testing method (36%), the estimation method (28%), the computation method (3%), and the fallback strategy (18%) are given by less than half the study protocols. Subgroup analyses indicate that these findings are universal and not specific to clinical trial phases or size of company. Altogether, our results show that guideline compliance is to various degrees poor and consequently, strict type I error rate control at the intended level is not guaranteed.     

国家考试立法若干问题探析

本文从国家考试立法的必要性着手，分析了国家考试行政法律关系的特征，提出国家考试法立法的关键是控制国家考试权的运用、促进考试社会化发展这一立法指导思想，将以促进人力资源的培养和合理配置作为国家考试法的立法目标。     

中国共产党思想路线的四次创新

中国共产党思想路线的发展经历了四次创新。第一次是延安时期毛泽东提出了实事求是的原则 ,实现了思想路线的首次创新。第二次是 2 0世纪 70年代后期邓小平在重新确立党的思想路线的过程中提出了一些新的理论观点 ,实现了党的思想路线的第二次创新。第三次是党的第三代领导集体形成后提出了关于党的思想路线的一系列新观点 ,实现了党的思想路线的第三次创新。中共十六大以后 ,以胡锦涛为总书记的党中央提出了求真务实 ,是对党的思想路线的第四次创新。经过上述四次思想路线创新之后 ,中国共产党的思想路线有了这样四句话的简要概括 :解放思想 ,实事求是 ,与时俱进 ,求真务实。这四句话 ,包含着十分丰富的理论内含 ,体现着中国共产党人的创造性。     

Complementary medicines and therapies in clinical guidelines on pregnancy care: A systematic review

BackgroundThere is a need for evidence-based guidance on complementary medicines and therapies (CMT) use during pregnancy due to high prevalence of use and lack of guidance on the balance of benefit and harms.AimEvaluate the extent to which current clinical practice guidelines relevant to Australian healthcare professionals make clear and unambiguous recommendations about CMT use in pregnancy, and synthesise these recommendations.MethodsThe search included EMBASE, PubMed, the National Health and Medical Research Council’s Clinical Practice Guidelines Portal, and websites of Australian maternity hospitals and professional/not-for-profit organisations for published guidelines on pregnancy care. Data were synthesised narratively. Guidelines were appraised by two independent reviewers using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) instrument.FindingsA total of 48 guidelines were found, of which 41% provided recommendations that were not limited to routine vitamin and mineral supplementation. There were wide variations in recommendations, particularly for vitamin D and calcium. There was some consensus on recommending ginger and vitamin B6 for nausea and vomiting, and additional supplementation for women with obesity. Guidelines generally scored poorly in the domains of editorial independence and rigour of development.DiscussionThere is a lack of guidance with regard to appropriate CMT use during pregnancy, which may result in less-than-optimal care. Inconsistency between guidelines may lead to variations in care.ConclusionGuidelines should include clear and unambiguous guidance on appropriate CMT use during pregnancy, be based on a structured search of the evidence and informed by stakeholder engagement.     

新世纪新阶段民族政策宣传教育的指南——解读《党和国家民族政策宣传教育提纲》

本文解读了<党和国家民族政策宣传教育提纲>颁布的对象、目的、意义及基本内容,指出了<提纲>是我党在全国各族广大干部群众中进行马克思主义民族观教育的重要举措,是在民族工作中贯彻落实科学发展观的具体表现,新世纪新阶段民族政策宣传教育的指南.     

突发事件中新闻图片报道的准则

科技的发展和生活节奏的加快,当代社会已进入了＂读图时代＂。新闻图片报道以其独特的传播优势使其成为新闻报道的重要方式之一,突发事件中新闻图片报道应遵循及时性、准确性、真实性、全面性、新颖性、人本性等准则,唯有如此才能增强新闻图片传播信息的有效性。     

Translating Research into Practice: The Role of Web-Based Education

SUMMARY

Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) constitute a major focus of recent efforts to narrow the gap between research and practice. However, CBGs cannot effectively change clinical practice unless they are effectively disseminated. The present article describes a web-based course designed to teach nurses about a CPG for the management of alcohol withdrawal. In it, we outline the details of our web-based course, including its technical characteristics, organization, structure, and clinical content. Next, we outline several adjunctive strategies that may improve the effectiveness of such web-based educational interventions. Finally, we discuss other ways that web-based education may prove useful in disseminating evidence-based practices in human service delivery settings.     

A critical analysis of Australian policies and guidelines for water immersion during labour and birth

Background

Accessibility of water immersion for labour and/or birth is often dependent on the care provider and also the policies/guidelines that underpin practice. With little high quality research about the safety and practicality of water immersion, particularly for birth, policies/guidelines informing the practice may lack the evidence necessary to ensure practitioner confidence surrounding the option thereby limiting accessibility and women’s autonomy.