Migration decision-making and migration industry in the Indonesia–Malaysia corridor

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the involvement of migration industry (MI) in the migration system of Indonesia and Malaysia. The two countries share an extensive border and have much in common in culture and history but they are very different in geographical size, population and economic development, the latter being a main cause for labour migration from Indonesia to Malaysia. The changing context of government policies generates new niches for migration services taken up by formal and informal intermediaries, thereby confronting migrants with a varied migration-decision field and thresholds during their migration process. Much of the migration is legal, but a large part of it also takes place outside the control of the national governments. While taking mental processes in migration decision-making as starting point, we analyse how the MI, by way of fostering, facilitating and controlling geographic mobility and localised employment, connects to the production and negotiating of three migration decision thresholds faced by migrants.     

Assessment of Uncertainty in High Frequency Data: The Observed Asymptotic Variance

The availability of high frequency financial data has generated a series of estimators based on intra‐day data, improving the quality of large areas of financial econometrics. However, estimating the standard error of these estimators is often challenging. The root of the problem is that traditionally, standard errors rely on estimating a theoretically derived asymptotic variance, and often this asymptotic variance involves substantially more complex quantities than the original parameter to be estimated. Standard errors are important: they are used to assess the precision of estimators in the form of confidence intervals, to create “feasible statistics” for testing, to build forecasting models based on, say, daily estimates, and also to optimize the tuning parameters. The contribution of this paper is to provide an alternative and general solution to this problem, which we call Observed Asymptotic Variance. It is a general nonparametric method for assessing asymptotic variance (AVAR). It provides consistent estimators of AVAR for a broad class of integrated parameters Θ = ∫ θ_t dt, where the spot parameter process θ can be a general semimartingale, with continuous and jump components. The observed AVAR is implemented with the help of a two‐scales method. Its construction works well in the presence of microstructure noise, and when the observation times are irregular or asynchronous in the multivariate case. The methodology is valid for a wide variety of estimators, including the standard ones for variance and covariance, and also for more complex estimators, such as, of leverage effects, high frequency betas, and semivariance.     

Smoothed estimates for nonlinear time series models with irregular data

Time series data observed at unequal time intervals (irregular data) occur quite often and this usually poses problems in its analysis. A recursive form of the exponentially smoothed estimated is here proposed for a nonlinear model with irregularly observed data and its asymptotic properties are discussed An alternative smoother to that of Wright (1985) is also derived. Numerical comparison is made between the resulting estimates and other smoothed estimates.     

女性非正规就业:现状与对策

阐述了女性在正规就业领域更易受排斥,公有和非公有企业存在雇用上的性别偏好等因素是导致女性劳动非正规化的成因,分析了这一就业趋向对女性经济参与方式和职业发展形成的影响,指出政府应加大对非正规就业的支持力度,改善非正规就业者的福利与完善保障政策,同时提出了建立反对歧视和排斥的平等就业法,对劳动力市场上的弱势群体进行必要的社会保护,为非正规就业人员提供必要的公共培训等有益的建议。     

非正规就业现象其积极意义

非正规就业现象一直是困扰中国劳动力市场研究的突出问题。从劳动经济学的角度对非正规就业现象进行理论分析;把正规劳动力市场、非正规劳动力市场放在一个统一的框架内进行研究,从正面对非正规就业未来的发展进行分析。     

一种适用于ARQ系统的码率兼容IRA码

提出用不规则重复累积(IRA)码构造码率兼容码。该码由删除法和扩展法两种方法构造。扩展法由高码率IRA码为母码,以RA码为扩展子码,克服了删除法在删除率较高时性能下降的缺点。仿真结果表明,RC-IRA码在HARQ系统中的吞吐率接近码率兼容turbo码,但译码复杂度远远低于Turbo码。     

A GALTON-WATSON BRANCHING PROCESS IN VARYING ENVIRONMENTS WITH ESSENTIALLY CONSTANT OFFSPRING MEANS AND TWO RATES OF GROWTH1

A Galton-Watson process in varying environments (Z_n), with essentially constant offspring means, i.e. E(Z_n)/mⁿ→α∈(0, ∞), and exactly two rates of growth is constructed. The underlying sample space Ω can be decomposed into parts A and B such that (Z_n)_n grows like 2ⁿon A and like mⁿon B (m > 4).     

论清代词学三大主题

清代词学,虽著作林立,词派纷呈,然各家各派词论,异中有同,殊途同归。构成三大理论主题：辨体和尊体、“正变”批评、比兴和寄托。通过辨体和尊体,彰显了词体特征,提升了词体品格;通过“正变”批评,反映了清代词家的词史观,对前代词学的审美评价、审美选择;通过追求比兴和寄托,开拓深厚了词境。三大词学主题,对清词理论与创作的繁荣,产生了巨大促进作用。     

论经济人类学与社会发展问题

不同形态的社会均离不开发展问题,且与不平等问题密切相关。发展不仅仅关系到全球的贫富差距,也对一个国家/地区的经济发展前景产生重大影响,如规则经济与非规则经济在社会生活中的博弈。为了未来的发展,学者们提出了超越发展的构想和可持续发展思路,后者似乎更符合社会发展的规律。与此密切相关,经济人类学理应探讨世界发展的不平等性、发展人类学、非规则经济与超越发展等问题。     

方罐扩口生产的关键技术

方罐扩口罐是市场的消费需求;推行薄铁皮罐是降低生产成本之必须。文章着重阐述解决方罐扩口罐生产问题的三大关键技术及应用——电阻焊自感应检测技术实现高质量焊接、凸轮控制系统精确控制的渐进式扩口技术解决扩口成型时材料拉伸不均匀问题、对封口滚轮曲线优化及热处理技术研究与创新提高方罐的封口质量。实际结果：减少了生产中的材料损耗;实现了全开盖的国产化应用;给异型空罐产业转型升级提供示范。