气候的历史与历史气候研究

寨堡是我国古代重要的军事防御性聚落，其修筑的时间、空间皆与区域的战争形势有着较大关系。清代四川省由于多次大规模战乱，迫使乡民修筑了数以千计的寨堡。寨堡的命名主要可分为因自然地理条件和因人文社会因素两大类，前者包括地形、水文、土石、植物等，后者包括姓氏、寺观、神祇、嘉名、人物、神话、形象、纪事等。寨名包含了丰富的文化内涵，体现出了寨堡的选址、用材、作用、历史、精神等内容。     

Factors associated with a positive childbirth experience in Brazilian women: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundHaving a positive childbirth experience is an increasingly valued outcome. Few studies evaluated the women’s satisfaction with childbirth through face-to-face interviews out of the health service environment. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with a higher level of satisfaction with the childbirth experience among Brazilian women.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 287 women giving birth in two hospitals in southern Brazil. Women who gave birth to healthy newborns at term were randomly selected. Face-to-face interviews were conducted 31–37 days after delivery, at the mothers’ homes, using a structured questionnaire. Satisfaction with the childbirth experience was measured using a Likert-type scale ranging from very satisfied to very dissatisfied. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson regression with robust variance.ResultsFollowing hierarchical multivariate analysis, the following factors remained associated with a higher level of satisfaction with the childbirth experience: being satisfied with antenatal care (PR = 1.30; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 1.06−1.59), understanding the information provided by health professionals during labor and delivery (PR = 1.40; 95%CI = 1.01−1.95), not having reported disrespect and abuse (PR = 1.53; 95%CI = 1.01−2.31), and having had the baby put to the breast within the first hour of life (PR = 1.63; 95%CI = 1.26−2.11). No association was observed with type of delivery or hospital status (public or private).ConclusionsA higher level of satisfaction with the childbirth experience is related to satisfactory antenatal care, a non-abusive, respectful, and informative environment during childbirth, and to the opportunity to breastfeed the baby within the first hour of life. In clinical practice, greater attention to these basic principles of care during pregnancy and delivery could provide more positive experiences during birth.     

宋代閤职的内外演变与磨勘叙迁探析

宋代共设有三等閤职，最初供职于閤门，后閤职官员出外任职情况变得普遍，直接推动了外任武官兼带閤职制度的发展，此后閤职作为武官兼带的一种职名，成为奖励军功以及控制武官的一种有效手段。而閤职制度的发展也使閤职作为武臣清选的地位逐渐确立，表现之一就是在磨勘叙迁上较一般武官而言具有一定的优越性。同时，内外不同的閤职在磨勘制度上也有一定的差异，这些差异的产生也加深了閤职作为武臣清选的内涵。     

嵌套并联结构两阶段DEA下科技创新效率测度与分解

目前有许多研究将两阶段DEA模型应用到科技创新活动当中，一般将创新活动分为研发和转化两个阶段，为了进一步探讨不同转移转化方式下科技成果的转化效率以获得更多的详细信息，本文拓展了传统的两阶段DEA模型，考虑了嵌套并联结构的两阶段网络DEA模型，将科技创新活动分为科技成果研发阶段和科技成果转化阶段，并将科技成果转化阶段分为内部转化和外部转化两个并联子系统。本文选取14家中科院院属单位作为被评价对象，应用加权加法分解方法计算整体效率和各阶段子效率。通过将本文模型与传统两阶段模型进行对比发现，传统模型会低估科技成果转化效率。结果表明：整体科技创新效率均值偏低，科技成果研发效率均值高于科技成果转化效率均值，科技成果转化效率仍有很大的提升空间。科技成果转化阶段中内部转化效率普遍较高但是外部转化效率普遍较低，较低的外部转化效率是导致科技成果转化效率低下的主要原因。最后，本文将所有被评价单位分为四类机构，分析提高科技创新效率的实现路径，可以通过重点突破模式和渐进突破模式来实现整体效率的提高。     

“百年未有之大变局”之哲学分析

当今世界正处于“百年未有之大变局”中。这是中国共产党对于世界新的时代特征的全新、科学和准确的研判。“百年未有之大变局”这一重大论断，具有深厚的马克思主义哲学的本体论基础、认识论基础、矛盾论基础和历史观基础。作为科学世界观与方法论，马克思主义哲学的辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为我们深刻认识和精准把握“百年未有之大变局”的深层本质和哲学依据提供了重要的认知性引导、方法论基础和实践智慧支撑。     

威廉·坦普尔的园林理论初探——以《论伊壁鸠鲁的园林,或论园艺》为分析对象

威廉·坦普尔爵士园林思想的研究,一直是学术界研究的薄弱之处。实际上,坦普尔在《论伊壁鸠鲁的园林,或论园艺》中系统地探讨了园林的起源、伦理意义和审美形态等问题。他从病原学的角度出发,把园林作为治疗人们过剩欲望的理想之地。他虽然赞同伊壁鸠鲁主义的退隐思想,却从政治德性、顺从自然、自由选择3个方面阐述了园林的退隐伦理。在园林之美上,他认为美在于形式,但是这种形式既包括欧洲的规则式之美,也包括中国的不规则之美。坦普尔的园林理论对我国当下的疗养院园林、私家园林的建设等有一定的指导意义。     

Will You Die for Your Country? Workplace Death in an Era of Mass Incarceration

People with criminal records in the United States continue to face limited employment opportunities due to social stigma and legal barriers. In contrast to the civilian sector, the military conducts a “whole person” evaluation to screen potential recruits and regularly hires people with felony and misdemeanor records. Moreover, evidence suggests that the military serves as a socially integrative institution and may facilitate desistance from future crimes. However, critics argue that the military exacerbates inequalities by subjecting marginalized communities to the unequal burden of service. Using the data obtained from the Army, we examine the relative risks of combat exposure and casualties between enlisted soldiers with and without criminal records who joined between 2002 and 2009. The results suggest that soldiers with felony and misdemeanor records are more likely to be assigned to combat occupations than those without criminal records. We also find that among soldiers assigned to positions with low combat exposure, ex-offenders face a higher risk of death compared to those without criminal records. Findings do not dispute the idea that the military facilitates desistance from future crimes and provides second chances to people with criminal records, but reaffirm the fact that military service costs lives and limbs.     

现代汉语感官动词语法功能相容度分析

词的语法功能属性与词的使用频度之间的关系是汉语词义属性研究的一个重要方面。通过对258个现代汉语感官动词的使用频度进行封闭测查,考察各个动词在语料库中的频次,以及各词感官义项、非感官义项、感官用法、非感官用法的使用频次,再将这些词的频度信息与它们的语法属性信息进行相容度分析,对词频与基本功能之间的关系进行描写和阐释。结果表明,感官动词的语义属性与动词语法功能之间存在不同的相关性表现。感官动词词义的特殊性表现在相对普通动词而言较弱的动作性,以及词义一般包含较强的对行为方式状态的描述,这是由感官活动在人类行为中的特殊性决定的。此外,词语的类聚特征越丰富,词语聚合的总量就越小,词语间就具有更高的相似度,这些相似度必然会在语法功能等方面得到反映。     

政治与社会——基于对《论法的精神》的诠释

本文以对孟德斯鸠思想的社会学诠释为出发点，重返《论法的精神》，借此澄清从现代政治科学到社会学的学科转换。一方面，孟德斯鸠借助对法的重新定义，将政治科学的视野拓宽到政府之下的社会，从而推动了从政治科学到社会学的过渡；另一方面，通过澄清政府的原则与民族的一般精神、风俗和礼仪的关系指出，在孟德斯鸠那里，政治并不是社会的一个子系统或附属领域，而是从政治视角出发来看的整个社会，甚至还超出了社会。借此，我们希望突破当前社会学重视社会，轻视政治的学科思维。     

中国职业性别隔离的趋势：1982-2010

本文使用1982年、1990年、2000年和2010年四次中国人口普查数据，采用详尽、统一的职业分类系统，探索中国经济体制改革以来职业的性别隔离水平变化趋势及其原因。研究发现，全部职业的性别隔离程度自1982年至今持续上升。非农职业的性别隔离经历了一个先升后降的过程，从20世纪80年代开始提高，自1990年以来不断下降。本研究明确区分了职业结构的变化和性别构成的变化对职业性别隔离的影响，后者对理解性别不平等更有实质意义。