Disclosure,Consent, and the Exercise of Patient Autonomy in Surgical Innovation: A Systematic Content Analysis of the Conceptual Literature

The classification of surgical innovation as clinical care, research, or as third distinct type of activity creates ambiguity which impacts standards for disclosure and informed consent. We conducted a systematic review of the conceptual literature to identify positions expressed about consent and disclosure, as well as major tension points associated with this issue. Literature overwhelmingly favors special consent and disclosure. Four major tension points were identified: the use of biasing/biased terminology to characterize innovation; patient vulnerability; the relationship between surgeon-innovator and patient; and practices and associated gaps related to consent and disclosure. Recommendations often focused on the informed consent process.     

临床神经外科教学中多媒体技术的应用体会

目的：运用多媒体教学的直观教学模式,改善教学效果。方法：应用成绩考核及调查问卷的形式对两种教学的效果进行评估。结果：使用多媒体教学的班级学生考核成绩及调查反馈明显优于传统教学的班级学生。结论：在神经外科教学中科学应用多媒体技术,可以取得良好效果。