治理效能视角下公民参与公共服务的制度研究

公民参与公共服务的有序性和有效性并非直接相关,可以从有序性和有效性两个维度分析公民参与及其治理效能的关系.为提升治理效能,以程序性规则为核心的制度设计能更为充分地保障公民有序有效参与公共服务,实现公民与政府之间的良性互动与有序合作.基于全过程民主、程序性权利和共同体秩序等公民参与的程序性价值维度考量,再以环境保护领域中的公民参与为例,从公开公示机制、意见表达机制、回应吸纳机制、监督评价机制和责任追究机制等方面构建公民全过程参与制度,并探索公民参与的方法和策略.通过公民参与的程序性价值内化、方法创新与技术转型来推进治理体系和治理能力现代化.     

我国检察公益诉讼制度的发展态势与制度完善——基于2017—2019年数据的实证分析

我国检察公益诉讼制度全面实施两年后呈现出新的发展态势。亟需理论深入研判。本文以2017—2019年间的司法数据为基础，运用实证方法分析了《行政诉讼法》《民事诉讼法》修改后检察公益诉讼在办案数量、办案规则、办案能力、办案力量、办案重心等方面的发展态势：审判机关和检察机关的办案数量增长迅速，并积极推动诉讼规则完善；各地办案数量差异明显，案件分布不均衡；基层人民检察院是办案主力军；行政公益诉讼案件数量锐减，办案重心转向刑事附带民事公益诉讼案件；立案数量快速增长，但履行诉前程序、提起诉讼的比率呈下降趋势。这些发展态势的内因是检察机关组织机构改革带来的办案能力的提升；外因是党委和人大增强了对检察公益诉讼的支持力度，化解了制度运行中的部分障碍。未来还需从内、外、广、深四个维度推动检察公益诉讼制度完善：促进公益诉讼检察与三大检察内部融合；建立公益诉讼检察与法治政府的耦合；探索拓展受案范围；建构符合需要的诉讼机制。     

Comparing Possibly Misspecified Forecasts

Abstract

Recent work has emphasized the importance of evaluating estimates of a statistical functional (such as a conditional mean, quantile, or distribution) using a loss function that is consistent for the functional of interest, of which there is an infinite number. If forecasters all use correctly specified models free from estimation error, and if the information sets of competing forecasters are nested, then the ranking induced by a single consistent loss function is sufficient for the ranking by any consistent loss function. This article shows, via analytical results and realistic simulation-based analyses, that the presence of misspecified models, parameter estimation error, or nonnested information sets, leads generally to sensitivity to the choice of (consistent) loss function. Thus, rather than merely specifying the target functional, which narrows the set of relevant loss functions only to the class of loss functions consistent for that functional, forecast consumers or survey designers should specify the single specific loss function that will be used to evaluate forecasts. An application to survey forecasts of U.S. inflation illustrates the results.     

The Optimal Allocation Combination for the One-Sided Sequential Screening Procedure Based on the Individual Misclassification Error

In this article, the expected total costs of three kinds of quality cost functions for the one-sided sequential screening procedure based on the individual misclassification error are obtained, where the expected total cost is the sum of the expected cost of inspection, the expected cost of rejection, and the expected cost of quality. The computational formulas for three kinds of expected total costs are derived when k screening variables are allocated into r stages. The optimal allocation combination is determined based on the criterion of minimum expected total cost. At last, we give one example to illustrate the selection of the optimal allocation combination for the sequential screening procedure.     

Australian and New Zealand Indigenous mothers’ report respect for smoking bans in homes

BackgroundThere is limited data about the reasons behind residential rules to reduce environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure or the establishment or enforcement of such rules in Indigenous populations.AimWe aimed to gain an understanding of smokefree rules around Australian and New Zealand (NZ) Indigenous infants.MethodThis was a qualitative study nested within a randomised controlled trial that aimed to test the efficacy of a family-centred tobacco control programme about environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to improve the respiratory health of Indigenous infants in Australia and New Zealand. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 Indigenous mothers of infants in Australia (n = 7) and NZ (n = 19). We asked about the presence of smokefree rules, who set the rules, how the rules were set and enforced, and presence of smokefree rules in participants’ wider social circle. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and inductively analysed to identify key themes.FindingsSixty-nine percent of mothers had partners, 77% smoked and all reported some presence of smokefree rules for house and car. Three main themes were identified: strategies to minimise exposure to ETS, establishing smokefree rules in homes and cars, and, adherence and enforcement of smokefree rules. Several strategies were identified to limit children's exposure to ETS, including rules to limit exposure to third-hand smoke. Mothers extended their smokefree rules to apply to other people's houses or cars, and reported that their family and social circles also had smokefree rules. The main reason for having smokefree rules was for the health of their children. Rules were most commonly set by the mother, often jointly with their partner. Few mothers reported challenges or problems with other people adhering to the smokefree rules.ConclusionWomen tried very hard to, and believed that they were effective in, protecting their children from the harmful effects of ETS exposure. In this context, health professionals need to emphasise smoking cessation in parents, so that children are maximally protected from ETS exposure.     

行政裁量的界限与公共利益

公共利益是贯穿于整个公法领域的重要法律概念,为所有国家行为提供合法性理由。但由于公共利益概念的不确定性,在解释其内容时往往要诉诸于行政裁量。当今宪政国家要求行政裁量行为遵守内外界限,而此种界限映射到公共利益上即表现为法定性以及合理性和程序性。     

风险感知视角下邻避冲突中公众行为演化及化解策略——以浙江余杭垃圾焚烧项目为例

近几年中国公众对有害邻避设施（垃圾焚烧、化工厂等）带来环境风险的强烈感知,使得邻避类群体性事件高发频发。风险感知视角下浙江余杭垃圾焚烧项目先后经历了强烈的风险感知、坚决反对—风险感知的下降、尝试了解—态度转变、迎臂接纳三个阶段,最终成功破题原址建设。风险感知视角下邻避项目中公众的行为演化机理遵循的逻辑为：项目本身的实体风险—风险感知的放大—危机产生—介入因素转变—风险感知降低—危机解除。要摆脱邻避项目陷入应急处理的窠臼,应构建嵌入公众风险感知的常态化决策程序,其内核为公众风险感知的嵌入,中间为到位的风险沟通、科学的技术评估与合理的利益补偿三环相扣的闭环环节,协商民主的理念则贯穿整个过程。     

论刑事二审程序中新证据的采信

刑事二审中新证据的采信对于查明案件事实有重大意义,但刑事诉讼法只是原则性的规定了新证据,对其构成要件及采信标准则需要参照相关司法解释及部门法进一步明确。理论上讲,我国对新证据采取的是随时提出主义,反映了对刑事实质正义的绝对追求。具体到新证据的认定标准上,需要考察时间、原因和种类三个要件。在此基础上,结合证据的可采性原理,可以分别对检察院、辩护人及法院提出的新证据进行科学的采信。     

盐类物质对泥质烃源岩生排烃过程的影响

根据中国东部下第三系盐湖相沉积存在的地质实际,利用地层孔隙热压生排烃模拟仪开展了仿真地层条件下的含盐和不含盐泥质烃源岩的生排烃模拟实验,通过对烃类产物的分析探讨了盐类物质参与烃源岩生排烃的过程。研究表明：（1）盐类的存在加速了成烃演化,促进了石油和天然气的生成;（2）盐类的存在降低了对有机质的吸附能力,加速了粘土转化和脱水过程,且盐层易解理,使烃源岩中微孔隙及孔缝发育,促进了油气的初次运移;（3）无盐泥质源岩发育区虽然滞留大量的石油资源,但由于其岩石本身难压裂,对于商业化开采页岩油并无太大意义,到达过成熟阶段后,可能是页岩气开采的有利区带。盐岩发育区虽然其整体演化过程中生成的油气易于排出,但在Ro=1.28%时仍然滞留着20% 的石油资源,富含大量的盐类脆性矿物而低含粘土矿物,有利于产生裂缝,易于压裂,是页岩油藏勘探的有利区带。     

农产品生产主体质量安全多重认证行为研究

叠加认证能显著提升消费者对食品质量安全的信任程度和额外支付意愿。采用专业大户、合作社和龙头企业三类现代农业生产经营主体的数据,利用Heckman两阶段选择模型分析浙江省食用农产品生产主体的质量安全多重认证行为后发现,生产主体的多重认证行为除受生产主体的经营规模、人力资本、自有品牌状况等个体特征与市场结构特征显著影响外,还受到市场激励、主体责任压力和交易成本的显著影响。总体而言,生产主体的质量安全认证行为是在自身能力及环境约束下的成本收益权衡,生产主体的质量安全多重认证行为更主要是受市场激励和主体内在责任的驱动,而非政府的规制压力。