论被保险人及其同意权

保险合同与一般民事合同区别在于,保险合同是以被保险人利益为重心来配置合同利益的。被保险人在合同权利关系中,处于中心地位。该种机制是通过被保险人行使同意权来实现的。设置被保险人同意权的目的在于实现人身保险合同中保险利益决定的客观化以及对被保险人人格权的尊重。被保险人同意权的行使系单方行为,包括事前的同意与事后的同意,在保险法上须以要式方式为之。我国现行保险法的相关规定存在疏漏,应进行相应修正。     

前秦法制初探

前秦是东晋十六国时期惟一统一了北方 ,且政治较为清明、最具有规模气度的一个政权。前秦统治者对儒学推崇备至 ,决定了其法律思想为 :德化为先、礼法并用和约法慎刑。在选官制度方面 ,前秦采取了多途径选贤求才之策 ,并通过推行一系列积极的经济法律措施 ,促进经济的发展 ,前秦统治者对法律的运行亦颇为重视 ,主要体现在司法机构比较健全 ,注重督励官吏公正和严格执法。前秦之所以能出现十六国时期仅见的盛世 ,与其法制建设不无关系     

Health Information Seals of Approval: What do they Signify?

Much of the health information available to consumers on the Internet is incomplete, out of date and even inaccurate. Seals of approval or trustmarks have been suggested as a strategy to assist consumers in identifying high-quality information. Little is known, however, about how consumers interpret such seals. This study addresses this issue by examining assumptions about the quality criteria that are reflected by a seal of approval. This question is of particular importance because a wide variety of quality criteria have been suggested for online health information, including: core aspects of quality such as accuracy, currency and completeness; proxy indicators of quality such as the disclosure of commercial interests; and indicators that reflect the quality of the site or the interaction it affords, such as the availability of a search mechanism. The results of this study suggest that seals of approval are assumed to certify information quality primarily with respect to core quality indicators, aspects that subjects both consider to be important and feel relatively less able to evaluate for themselves (compared with their ability to rate proxy indicators of information or indicators of site or interaction quality). This assumption is largely inconsistent with practice: most seals of approval involve assessment of proxy indicators of information quality, rather than direct assessment of content. These results identify a problem that certification or accreditation bodies must address since, unless and until consumer expectations are congruent with evaluation practice, seals of approval will seem to promise more than they deliver.     

“网上追逃”研究

“网上追逃”不仅涉及刑事诉讼中的侦查、审查起诉中的犯罪嫌疑人、审判阶段的被告人,也涉及刑罚执行阶段的罪犯,而且涉及监察案件的被调查人,因而并不仅仅属于侦查措施或者侦查活动。“网上追逃”的根本目的在于强制在逃人员恢复法定状态。强制恢复法定状态的措施主要包括异地拘留逮捕的协助执行、先行拘留、无证抓捕,以及由此发生相应的讯问、羁押、押解等相关活动。“网上追逃”应当从适用规范及权利保护两个方面进行规范。     

Bayesian averaging of classical estimates in asymmetric vector autoregressive models

The estimated vector autoregressive (VAR) model is sensitive to model misspecifications, resulting to biased and inconsistent parameter estimates. This article extends the Bayesian averaging of classical estimates, a robustness procedure in cross-section data, to a vector time-series that is estimated using a large number of asymmetric VAR models. The proposed procedure was applied to simulated data from various forms of model misspecifications. The results of the simulation suggest that, under misspecification problems, particularly if an important variable and moving average (MA) terms were omitted, the proposed procedure gives robust results and better forecasts than the automatically selected equal lag-length VAR model.     

Bayesian adaptive dose‐escalation designs for simultaneously estimating the optimal and maximum safe dose based on safety and efficacy

The main purpose of dose‐escalation trials is to identify the dose(s) that is/are safe and efficacious for further investigations in later studies. In this paper, we introduce dose‐escalation designs that incorporate both the dose‐limiting events and dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) and indicative responses of efficacy into the procedure. A flexible nonparametric model is used for modelling the continuous efficacy responses while a logistic model is used for the binary DLTs. Escalation decisions are based on the combination of the probabilities of DLTs and expected efficacy through a gain function. On the basis of this setup, we then introduce 2 types of Bayesian adaptive dose‐escalation strategies. The first type of procedures, called “single objective,” aims to identify and recommend a single dose, either the maximum tolerated dose, the highest dose that is considered as safe, or the optimal dose, a safe dose that gives optimum benefit risk. The second type, called “dual objective,” aims to jointly estimate both the maximum tolerated dose and the optimal dose accurately. The recommended doses obtained under these dose‐escalation procedures provide information about the safety and efficacy profile of the novel drug to facilitate later studies. We evaluate different strategies via simulations based on an example constructed from a real trial on patients with type 2 diabetes, and the use of stopping rules is assessed. We find that the nonparametric model estimates the efficacy responses well for different underlying true shapes. The dual‐objective designs give better results in terms of identifying the 2 real target doses compared to the single‐objective designs.     

Sequential estimation problems for negative exponential populations

The literature on sequential estimation problems for negative exponential populations has been reviewed here, We attempt to bring in all the published and unpublished materials known to us in a fairly coherent fashion. Both the concepts and theoretical findings are discussed.     

试论民族文化认同的特殊功效--从斯大林民族定义的争论说开去

文化具有超时空的稳定性和很强的凝聚力,一个民族的文化模式一经形成,必然会持久地支配每个社会成员的思想和行为。文化又是一个民族区别于其他民族的基本特质和身份象征,在共同的文化背景中,人们获得了归属感和认同感。因此,在共同文化基础上形成的共同心理素质——民族文化认同,对于标识民族特性,塑造认同心理,规范社会行为,培育统一意识,凝聚民族精神,形成民族合力,进而对维护国家安全统一具有特殊的功效。     

减刑假释实行申请制之倡导

根据我国刑法规定,减刑假释程序是由执行机关提出减刑假释意见书,法院组成合议庭作出裁定。现有制度存在很大不合理性,犯罪人作为减刑假释的直接获益人,被排斥在程序之外并不能保障犯罪人的利益,而且会导致假释使用率被执行机关人为降低。减刑假释本质都应采用权利说,二者本质上并无差别,且优劣互补,只是具体执行方式不同,因此减刑假释应当实行申请制,由犯罪人根据自身情况自由选择减刑或者假释并先行提出申请,执行机关提出意见书,法院居中裁定。减刑假释实行申请制有利于司法机关选择真正适合犯罪人的执行措施,提高犯罪人改造的积极性,使得对犯罪人的改造更加有效、更加彻底,同时也保障了犯罪人的合法权益。     

Randomization tests in recursive response-adaptive randomization procedures

In a randomized clinical trial, response-adaptive randomization procedures use the information gathered, including the previous patients' responses, to allocate the next patient. In this setting, we consider randomization-based inference. We provide an algorithm to obtain exact p-values for statistical tests that compare two treatments with dichotomous responses. This algorithm can be applied to a family of response adaptive randomization procedures which share the following property: the distribution of the allocation rule depends only on the imbalance between treatments and on the imbalance between successes for treatments 1 and 2 in the previous step. This family includes some outstanding response adaptive randomization procedures. We study a randomization test to contrast the null hypothesis of equivalence of treatments and we show that this test has a similar performance to that of its parametric counterpart. Besides, we study the effect of a covariate in the inferential process. First, we obtain a parametric test, constructed assuming a logit model which relates responses to treatments and covariate levels, and we give conditions that guarantee its asymptotic normality. Finally, we show that the randomization test, which is free of model specification, performs as well as the parametric test that takes the covariate into account.