为什么历史上经营式农业不发展：以无锡为案例

本文基于第一、二次对"无锡、保定农村调查"的资料,分析说明了无锡农村经营式农业的日渐式微,并从出租农地与雇工经营的收益方程、较高工商业发展水平导致的机会成本增加,以及家庭小农场的竞争三个方面分析了经营式农业不发展的原因.我们认为,主要是当地较高但又不足够高的工商业发展水平导致了经营式农业难以发展.较高的工商业发展水平意味着发展经营式农业的高运营成本和高机会成本.不足够高又使得非农产业的需求与人数众多的农业过剩劳动力不相匹配,从而造成了家庭小农场和经营式农场之间的激烈对抗.我们也认为,中国未来的农业农村现代化道路可能会依然呈现出复杂性和特殊性,家庭小农场扮演的角色可能仍然不容忽视.     

新乡贤重塑乡规民约:历史承继、时代价值及实现路径

当前乡村治理中乡规民约面临德治退化、自治弱化及法治虚化等现实困境。新乡贤作为乡村社会精英群体,在增强乡规民约的现代性、厚植乡规民约的乡土性及强化乡规民约的权威性等方面具有显著的时代价值,是重塑乡规民约的有益主体选择。实现新乡贤在重塑乡规民约中的时代价值,需要强化乡贤文化的敦风化俗功能、构建乡贤群体的风险防范机制及发挥乡贤组织的协商共治作用。     

Rural-urban differences in college students’ cardiovascular risk perceptions

Abstract

Objective: To examine rural-urban differences in college students’ cardiovascular risk perceptions. Participants: College students in rural (n?=?61) and urban (n?=?57) Kentucky counties were recruited from November 2012 to May 2014. Methods: This was a secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional study examining rural-urban differences in cardiovascular risk factors. Students rated their risk for developing high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, having a stroke, and gaining excess weight. Chi-square and logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results: Rural students had lower odds of perceived high risk for developing high blood pressure compared to urban students (odds ratio (OR): 0.32, 95% CI: 0.11–0.96) after adjusting for race, sex, and body mass index. This association was not observed after adjusting for healthcare access variables. No other significant differences were observed. Conclusions: Efforts to raise perceived risk for developing hypertension among rural college students may be warranted.     

Identity work in female‐led creative businesses

This study explores the identity work carried out by three female owner‐managers in creative industry businesses, identified in Government reports as a discriminatory industrial sector for women in the UK. Through the development of narratives by the owners and other participants, observation of practice and review of online and offline materials, three cases emerged. These showed overlapping, different identities developed and performed through identity work. Each presented rational and logical persona as business leaders despite observation showing extensive use of intuition and gut feeling in both creative and entrepreneurial aspects of the business. Intuition and gut feeling were seen as inappropriate at work as they belonged to the home sphere, emotionally based and therefore automatically unreliable. While occupying male stereotypes and avoiding the female realm of emotion at work, these women expressed femininity through their emphasis on the maternal, ‘being a good mother' as a desired ideal being embedded in work as well as home practice.     

Catch-up as a Survival Strategy in the Solar Power Industry

We evaluate the strategies of the emerging market firms in the context of nascent industries. We use the Indian solar power industry as the empirical setting, against the backdrop of the evolution of the global industry, While in traditional industries emerging market firms learn from advanced economy multinational enterprises (MNEs) and slowly upgrade their capabilities, in the intensely competitive environment of nascent innovative industries, emerging market firms are exposed to global competition in their home market right from the early years. This shortens their catch-up clock. As a result, their long-term survival depends on their ability to catch-up fast, both in output and innovation capabilities. In the solar power industry, we find that innovations stem, in the main, from advanced economy firms. Further, Chinese firms are beginning to move from cost-based imitation to innovation. In contrast, with a few key exceptions, most firms in the Indian solar industry remain locked within a narrow niche of downstream site-based installation. Their operations are opportunistic, short term, and without specific catch-up goals, a scenario that does not bode well for the industry's future in India.     

Better educational inclusion of migrant children in urban schools? Exploring the influences of the population control policy in large Chinese cities

The educational inclusion of rural–urban migrant children in Chinese urban schools has been promoted in the past decades. This paper provides a contextualized interpretation of recent policy developments governing large Chinese cities and evaluates its impact upon the status of migrant children's education. Drawing on data collected from 1,331 migrant children in urban inclusive schools, this study compared current migrant children's family backgrounds and psychological sense of belonging at school in relation to educational outcomes at the primary education level. Results showed that migrant children's socioeconomic status (SES) levels were slightly higher than their counterparts in inclusive schools and a salient SES stratification of migrant students was found. This correlates with students’ reports of fewer incidences of discrimination than hypothesized. Furthermore, capital in migrant families was positively associated with the psychological sense of belonging and academic achievement. These results reveal a significant change to migrant students’ SES as a result of the recent population control policy pertaining to China's large cities since 2014. Implications for research and educational practice, especially with at‐risk migrant students of low‐SES, are discussed.     

乡村振兴视阈下农户多维贫困测度及扶贫策略

乡村振兴的关键是打赢脱贫攻坚战。集中连片特困地区是我国精准扶贫的重点区域，致贫因素复杂，扶贫任务艰巨。基于秦巴山区农户的调查数据，运用A-F测度方法对农户多维贫困进行测度与分解，并运用Probit回归模型对其影响因素进行实证分析。结果表明：农户在厕所类型、做饭燃料、健康状况和受教育程度等方面存在严重的问题，贫困现象普遍。K=3时，农户多维贫困发生率高达90.56%，多维贫困指数为0.391 6；农户家庭65岁以上人数、耕地面积、地理位置和地理环境对农户多维贫困有显著正向影响；户主婚姻状况、受教育水平、健康状况、家庭人口数量等对农户多维贫困有显著负向影响。建议从生活水平、健康医疗、养老保障和教育等方面进行重点扶贫，使农户早日脱贫致富。     

参加医疗保险对农村居民健康的影响——基于CHARLS 2015数据的实证分析

基于CHARLS 2015数据,采用倾向得分匹配法实证分析参加医疗保险对农村居民健康的影响。研究发现:参加医疗保险对农村居民的日常活动能力和自评健康影响不显著,参加医疗保险对农村居民认知能力具有显著的正向影响。据此提出,应进一步提升社会医疗保险保障水平、扩大社会医疗保险保障范围、促进商业医疗保险有序发展、推进"三医"高效协同联动等,以充分发挥医疗保险的健康保障功能,从而进一步提升参加医疗保险对农村居民健康的正向影响。     

乡村振兴背景下乡村教师工作满意度研究 ——基于心理契约的视角

乡村教师队伍建设是乡村振兴战略的重要内容，工作满意度是乡村教师队伍稳定性的“晴雨表”。从心理契约视角出发，以工作满意度为工具研究乡村振兴背景下乡村教师队伍建设问题。基于对224名乡村教师的问卷调查数据，分析当前乡村教师工作满意度及心理契约达成水平。研究表明：当前乡村教师工作满意度居于中等水平；乡村教师心理契约总体达成水平较高，但存在结构失衡问题，其中教师责任达成水平高于学校责任达成；心理契约对乡村教师工作满意度有显著正向影响，心理契约学校责任对工作满意度的影响力大于心理契约教师责任。提出双向互动，构建良好心理契约；主动干预，强化心理契约引导；分类施策，满足教师差异需求；协同发展，均衡心理契约结构等建议。     

集体行动、财政激励与村级公共产品自主供给

利用农村“一事一议”制度变迁作为研究对象，从影响农村居民集体行动的社会因素与财政因素两个维度，对农村公共产品自主供给进行实证分析，研究证实：“一事一议”制度有利于农村公共产品的结构优化，其显著提升了村级公共服务的供给绩效。农村传统的“宗族”社会结构有利于克服集体行动中的“自利行为”和“搭便车”倾向，促进了“一事一议”的开展，而当前逐步扩大的收入差距形成了公共产品的偏好差异，提高了“一事一议”的交易成本，但是有效率的村级治理体制对村庄开展“一事一议”具有促进作用。“一事一议”挂钩的财政补助，具有显著的“激励效应”。实证研究结论对于创新农村公共产品供给方式，培育内生性的公共产品自主供给机制，提供了决策依据。