Group Benefit and Protection of Pediatric Research Subjects: Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger and the Lead Abatement Study

The Maryland Court of Appeals in Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger Institute was sharply critical of the lead abatement study conducted by this Institute, an affiliate of Johns Hopkins University. Grimes ruled that investigators might, given the facts of the case, have a special relationship with subjects, thereby creating a duty of care that could, if breached, give rise to an action in negligence. This ruling has implications for pediatric research practices and long-standing disputes among informed people of good will about what pediatric studies should be permitted.     

Towards an affirmative public domain

Two competing and yet complementary philosophical concepts form the foundation for the legal protection of intellectual property – ‘competing’ in that created works protected by copyright are unavailable for unrestricted use by others as a result of the economic monopoly given to the works’ owners, and ‘complementary’ in that the presumption is that works no longer protected by copyright serve as the basis for the creation of new copyrightable works. These unprotected works comprise the ‘public domain,’ which has never been affirmatively defined. In Golan v. Holder (2012), the US Supreme Court concluded that such a realm is constitutionally unimportant. This research contends, however, that the Court's decision is incorrect, that Golan, federal legislation, and international treaties threaten to bring larger and larger portions of cultural and intellectual content under the control of a property regime that does not understand the contradiction inherent in the notion of absolute property rights in intangible goods. The result is that the public domain is under tremendous pressure from those entities which have the most to gain from expanded authorial rights and from a weakened and less inclusive public domain. Citizens thus will have fewer rights to access and freely use their culture as they choose. The eventual significance of this evolution will be that further creativity and innovation will be stifled, the opposite of the intention of intellectual property law. In this article, we develop an affirmative definition of the public domain, which we believe will correct the imbalance in current intellectual property law.     

汉民族共同语中[v]的使用倾向和接受度调查

对北方、中原、南方三个地区人们使用共同语时的使用倾向和知觉接受度的调查,从音节内部结构、性别、地区等方面探讨了[v]的使用倾向和接受度:[v]在共同语中的发展呈现一种由北向南蔓延和扩张的趋势;并从语音发展的内外因素对此作出解释。     

论传统相关产品市场界定方法在互联网即时通讯软件相关产品市场界定的适用

随着互联网产业竞争的日益加剧,互联网企业滥用市场支配地位案件也层出不穷,而＂奇虎360诉腾讯QQ垄断案＂就是其中的典型案例。在该案中,腾讯QQ作为一种互联网即时通讯软件,其相关产品市场的界定是本案的争议焦点之一,也是难点之一。学界有观点认为,由于互联网行业中用户锁定效应、零价格、双边市场的存在,传统的反垄断相关产品市场界定方法无法有效界定本案的相关产品市场。通过对该案的具体案情、特征进行分析,传统的相关产品市场界定方法仍能在本案中适用,本案中腾讯QQ这一互联网即时通讯软件的相关产品市场是＂在线交流服务市场＂。     

走进美育——《美术之美》美育价值初探

美育是一种重要的世界观教育。美术教育对美 育承担着一份责任和义务。《美术之美》的美育价值体现在三个方面：即审美价值、认识价 值、创新价值。     

The effects of correlation among observations on the consistency property of sample variance

It is well known that even when the sample observations are correlated and not normal the sample variance, S² converges in probability to E(S²). But the required sample size for S² to be a consistent estimator of E(S²) is an open question. Some light is shed on this question in this paper. In particular the relation between the rate of convergence and the correlation property of the observations is explored. It is shown that the retardation to the rate of convergence is not appreciable if the correlation is moderate but it can be severe for extreme correlations.     

昆明话和普通话"VV"、"V(一)下"的功能、形式对比

与其他西南官话相比,昆明方言最突出的特点之—就是具有动词重叠式,形成了"VV"与"V一下"表示短暂、尝试意义两种形式共存的局面。表面看,这两种形式及其表意功能与普通话是一致的,但如果着眼于二者在各自语言系统中与相关形式的依存关系,却存在较大差异。通过与各种相关形式的对比分析,可以分析出昆明话这两种形式与普通话的系统差异以及结合历史来源探讨两种形式间的依存关系,从而在此基础上进行语言形式和功能的对比研究。