Inferences on the ratio of two generalized variances: independent and correlated cases

Statistical inferences about the dispersion of multivariate population are determined by generalized variance. In this article, we consider constructing a confidence interval and testing the hypotheses about the ratio of two independent generalized variances, and the ratio of two dependent generalized variances in two multivariate normal populations. In the case of independence, we first propose a computational approach and then obtain an approximate approach. In the case of dependence, we give an approach using the concepts of generalized confidence interval and generalized p value. In each case, simulation studies are performed for comparing the methods and we find satisfactory results. Practical examples are given for each approach.     

The McDonald Gompertz distribution: Properties and applications

This article introduces a five-parameter lifetime model called the McDonald Gompertz (McG) distribution to extend the Gompertz, generalized Gompertz, generalized exponential, beta Gompertz, and Kumaraswamy Gompertz distributions among several other models. The hazard function of new distribution can be increasing, decreasing, upside-down bathtub, and bathtub shaped. We obtain several properties of the McG distribution including moments, entropies, quantile, and generating functions. We provide the density function of the order statistics and their moments. The parameter estimation is based on the usual maximum likelihood approach. We also provide the observed information matrix and discuss inferences issues. The flexibility and usefulness of the new distribution are illustrated by means of application to two real datasets.     

Effectiveness of Performance Appraisal: An Integrated Framework

Based on a robust analysis of the existing literature on performance appraisal (PA), this paper makes a case for an integrated framework of effectiveness of performance appraisal (EPA). To achieve this, it draws on the expanded view of measurement criteria of EPA, i.e. purposefulness, fairness and accuracy, and identifies their relationships with ratee reactions. The analysis reveals that the expanded view of purposefulness includes more theoretical anchors for the purposes of PA and relates to various aspects of human resource functions, e.g. feedback and goal orientation. The expansion in the PA fairness criterion suggests certain newly established nomological networks, which were ignored in the past, e.g. the relationship between distributive fairness and organization‐referenced outcomes. Further, refinements in PA accuracy reveal a more comprehensive categorization of rating biases. Coherence among measurement criteria has resulted in a ratee reactions‐based integrated framework, which should be useful for both researchers and practitioners.     

Between Egyptian "national purity" and "local flexibility": prostitution in al-Mahalla al-Kubra in the first half of the 20th century

This article traces prostitution in al-Mahalla in the first half of the 20th century as a regulated urban practice until the trade was outlawed in Egypt in 1949. Studying prostitution during this period of exceptionally rapid growth and transformation not only provides a window on a particular type of illicit sexuality and public morality in a colonial context, it also gives us a hint as to gender relations and inter-communal relations on the invisible marginalized part of a provincial local community, and how it was socially transformed. I argue that the regulation of prostitution in Egypt in 1882 and 1905 created a sphere for a power contest between the colonial state and the local community, between nationalist discourse and the local way of life, and between public morality and private space. While nationalist discourse constructed one virtuous nation, the local community accepted the licensed prostitution quarter, and resisted secret prostitution. The people of the town actively and continually shifted boundaries on what was public and what was private, what was the state's responsibility and what was communal liability.     

Physical and social circumstances of children in Iran affected by the incarceration of the mother

The children of incarcerated parents have been a relatively invisible population. More and more children are being affected by the incarceration of a parent. These young people are already at high risk along several dimensions and tend to live under conditions characterised by poverty, instability and diminished access to sources of support. The study presented in this research explores the physical, social and psychological conditions of children in Iran affected by the incarceration of the mother, thereby contributing to the international literature by describing the problem of children of prisoners in Iran. Here we describe in an international perspective the physical and social conditions with which these children are confronted. The study comprises 33 children who had spent some time in prison with their mothers but were then moved to welfare centres. The most prevalent illnesses of these children were infectious diseases, bruises, wounds on lips and fractures of the hand. The Vineland Social Maturity Scale indicated that the children's locomotion and socialisation skills were relatively low.     

Feedback Loops as Dynamic Processes of Organizational Knowledge Creation in the Context of the Innovations’ Front‐end

Feedback loops are instrumental in the organizational knowledge creation (OKC) process across the highly uncertain and dynamic innovation's front‐end. Therefore, managers should be aware of how these loops unfold, how to recognize meaningful patterns and how to steer them towards planned and emergent outcomes. Easy to say, difficult to practise! This empirical paper focuses on knowledge–conceptualization – the new knowledge's generation‐crystallization journey – and develops a unique model of feedback loops as dynamic processes of OKC in the context of the innovations’ front‐end. Using ten qualitatively studied innovations, the authors identify five front‐end OKC stages (generation, evaluation, expansion, refinement and crystallization) and pattern these based on their overlaps to explore the associated feedback loops. This model distinctively illustrates increasing–decreasing, diverging–converging and frequent negative‐cum‐positive loops, and illuminates the complex and rich patterns of loops not captured before.     

Occupational Safety and English Language Proficiency

Recent occupational injury data shows a rising trend, which happens to coincide with both increases in the foreign-born population in the U.S. and changes in its composition. This study aims to explore the presence of a statistical relationship between occupational injuries and the level of English proficiency of foreign-born using cross-sectional data on the rate of injury and count of injury incidents. A cultural gap hypothesis is also examined as an alternative explanation for the rise in work injuries. While there is some support for the adverse effect of inadequate English language proficiency of foreign-born, the results for the cultural gap hypothesis are more robust.     

Testing the equality of quantiles for several normal populations

Many procedures exist for testing equality of means or medians to compare several independent distributions. However, the mean or median do not determine the entire distribution. In this article, we propose a new small-sample modification of the likelihood ratio test for testing the equality of the quantiles of several normal distributions. The merits of the proposed test are numerically compared with the existing tests—a generalized p-value method and likelihood ratio test—with respect to their sizes and powers. The simulation results demonstrate that proposed method is satisfactory; its actual size is very close to the nominal level. We illustrate these approaches using two real examples.