Causes of lingering communist movement after Indonesia’s September Thirtieth Movement: the case of border area between Sarawak and West Kalimantan

This article focuses on the communist movement on both sides of the border in Sarawak and West Kalimantan around 1965 when the September Thirtieth Movement (abortive coup) took place in Jakarta. The people in Sarawak were seeking independence and opposed to being integrated into the Federation of Malaysia in the first half of the 1960s. However, after the September Thirtieth Movement, the communist movement in Sarawak started losing support both domestically and internationally (especially support from Indonesia). Nevertheless, even with the persecution by Suharto’s army, the Sarawak guerrillas and the Indonesian Communist Party in West Kalimantan cooperated in their struggle for a few years after 1965. This situation was aided by the remoteness of these areas from the centers of the nation-states (Malaysia and Indonesia) and also by the cooperation between the guerrillas and the local Chinese in West Kalimantan.     

Inheritance of sex ratio in the Kanzawa spider mite,Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida

Summary The frequency distributions in sex ratios of offspring from 4 fieldTetranychus kanzawai populations were examined. No significant difference was observed between average sex ratios of the 4 populations, although there was a great variability within each population, especially in the population fromPueraia lobata. Using the population fromP. lobata, inbred lines with high (H) and low (L) sex ratios were selected. Crossing experiments between H and L showed that sex ratio is determined by the genotype of mothers. It seemed that sex ratio is cointrolled by several genes, with no cytoplasmic factor involved.     

The union-intersection principle applied to the test of dimensionality

In the first section Anderson-Rao-Fujikoshi's test statistics for testing the hypothesis of dimensionality are reviewed and then Olkin-Tomsky's generalized union-intersection principle is applied to show that a new class of test statistics for testing the hypothesis of dimensionality are derived which includes the likelihood ratio test statistics, the trace test statistics and a version of ROY'S maximum root test statistics.     

Relationships between muscle strength and multi-channel surface EMG parameters in eighty-eight elderly

Background

Since age-related muscle strength loss cannot be explained solely by muscle atrophy, other determinants would also contribute to muscle strength in elderly. The present study aimed to clarify contribution of neuromuscular activation pattern to muscle strength in elderly group. From 88 elderlies (age: 61~?83 years), multi-channel surface electromyography (EMG) of the vastus lateralis muscle was recorded with two-dimensional 64 electrodes during isometric submaximal ramp-up knee extension to assess neuromuscular activation pattern. Correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis were performed between muscle strength and the parameters for signal amplitude and spatial distribution pattern, i.e., root mean square (RMS), correlation coefficient, and modified entropy of multi-channel surface EMG.

Results

There was a significant correlation between muscle strength and RMS (r =?0.361, p =?0.001) in the elderly. Muscle thickness (r =?0.519, p <?0.001), RMS (r =?0.288, p?=?0.001), and normalized RMS (r =?0.177, p =?0.047) were selected as major determinants of muscle strength in stepwise regression analysis (r?=?0.664 in the selected model).

Conclusion

These results suggest that inter-individual difference in muscle strength in elderly can be partly explained by surface EMG amplitude. We concluded that neuromuscular activation pattern is also major determinants of muscle strength on elderly in addition to indicator of muscle volume.

     

New Classification of Research Misconduct from the Viewpoint of Truth,Trust, and Risk

ABSTRACT

Fabrication, Falsification and Plagiarism (FFP) and Questionable Research Practice (QRP) have been used worldwide in the classification of research misconduct. However, FFP comprises two distinct categories of misconduct: FF is extreme research misconduct that betrays truth, while P undermines trust of science community. Irreproducibility and inadequate practice of research also betray trust. Research misconduct has the potential to cause serious risk of safety in daily life. The proposed classification system is outlined as follows: Class I misconduct: Betrayal of the truth: (1) Fabrication and (2) Falsification. Class II misconduct: Betrayal of trust: (1) Plagiarism of text ; Irreproducibility; and (3) Inadequate research practice. Class III misconduct: Risk to safety of health and industrial products: (1) Risk to safety of health and (2) Risk to safety of industrial products. The proposed classification reflects deeper values of truth, trust, and risk more directly than the previous classification and elucidates issues about nature and significance of misconduct.     

Optimal training plans on physical performance considering supercompensation

Abstract

A quantitative evaluation of athletic training is one of the most important issues in the sports science, and its optimization problem between fitness and fatigue has to be considered. Although fitness is the gain of athletic training and athletes can acquire extensive fitness by hard training, they cannot continue such training for a long time because of fatigue. After the hard training which exceeds the physical capacity of athletes, a delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) appears and they cannot continue the same training hereafter. Because DOMS impedes the progress of training, it must be avoided when the training plan is made. By continuing training for a long period, the performance capacity of athlete body has enhanced and they can endure hard and long training with which it could not tolerate before, and such performance capacity enhancement is called supercompensation. In a planning athletic training, its optimization problem between fitness and fatigue should be discussed considering, both DOMS and supercompensation by forming probabilistic models of fitness and fatigue, optimal training plans which maximize the total fitness during training periods and minimize the occurrence of DOMS are discussed analytically and numerically.     

Social Change in Postwar Japan: A Theoretical Consideration

Abstract  The objective of this paper is to examine social change in postwar Japan using the concept of social structure. There are two ways to conceptualize social structure. I would like to call the first, established by Radcliffe-Brown and Parsons, "Structure as a Pattern," and the other, established by Levi-Strauss, "Structure as a Rule." It is clear that postwar social change in Japan has brought about a new economic order, but it is also true that Japanese society is beginning to accept a new system of values. My conclusion is that the structure of the Japanese social system has. under the pressure of internationalization, reached a crucial turning point.     

Replacement policies for age and working numbers with random life cycle

It has been modeled for several replacement policies in literatures that the whole life cycle or operating interval of an operating unit should be finite rather than infinite as is done with the traditional method. However, it is more natural to consider the case in which the finite life cycle is a fluctuated parameter that could be used to estimate replacement times, which will be taken up in this article. For this, we first formulate a general model in which the unit is replaced at random age U, random time Y for the first working number, random life cycle S, or at failure X, whichever occurs first. The following models included in the general model, such that replacement done at age T when variable U is a degenerate distribution, and replacement done at working numbers N summed by number N of variable Y, are optimized. We obtain the total expected cost until replacement and the expected replacement cost rate for each model. Optimal age T, working number N, and a pair of (T, N) are discussed analytically and computed numerically.     

Likelihood ratio test for one-sided hypothesis of covariance matrices of two normal populations

The likelihood ratio test is derived for a one-sided hypothesis about the covariance matrices from two multivariate normal populations. In the case of equal sample sizes, the limiting distribution of -21og ?_n is given, where ?_n denotes the likelihood ratio criterion. When dimension p=2, for some alternatives, the power of -21og ?_n of size 0.05 is compared with those of several well-known test statistics using Monte Carlo Methods.