The Land Question: Are There Answers?1

“The land question” as posed by Henry George a century ago was answered with a call for land reform, a change in the ownership and control of land. In present-day, market-oriented America the land question is answered with widely available land information for market and policy decisions. Information generated by the Agricultural Economics and Land Ownership Survey (AELOS) of the Census of Agriculture is a footing for analyzing land ownership, land transfers, property taxes, and other issues of land policy. In this paper the issues of ownership distribution and the distributive effects of taxation are defined with AELOS data. The AELOS shows that the distribution of land ownership is concentrated and shows that large landowners pay real property tax rates at less than half the rate of small landowners. Changes in land ownership, transfer, and taxation argue for repeating the AELOS in 1998. A case is presented for replacing the Census of Agriculture with a Census of Land in 2003.     

The Chinese Markets of MBA Education：Are The Customers Satisfied？

1 ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＯｒｉｇｉｎａｔｅｄｉｎＵＳＡａｔｔｈｅｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅ 2 0ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ ,ＭＢＡｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎｉｓｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｅｌｙｒｏｏｔｅｄｉｎｍａｒｋｅｔｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ .Ｐｒｅｓｕｍａｂｌｙ,ｔｈｅｒｅｗｉｌｌｂｅａｇｒｅａｔｄｅｍａｎｄｏｆｔｈｉｓｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌｄｅｇｒｅｅｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｓｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｉｓｅｖｏｌｖｉｎｇｔｏａｍａｒｋｅｔ ｂａｓｅｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ .Ｉｎｆａｃｔ,ｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅ…     

African American Children's Adjustment: The Roles of Maternal and Teacher Depressive Symptoms

This study examined the unique and interactive roles of mother and teacher depressive symptoms in child adjustment in 277 African American single mother‐headed families, as well as whether the associations differed depending on the age and gender of the child. Findings revealed a significant association between maternal depressive symptoms and child depressive symptoms in girls, but not boys. Moreover, the combination of higher levels of both mother and teacher depressive symptoms was associated with the highest level of child depressive symptoms and, for younger children, externalizing symptoms. The importance of considering the multiple social contexts in which children interact is discussed.     

What it means to be special: two sisters discuss their experiences

In this article, two adolescent sisters discuss and reflect upon the impact that the special education classification of one of them has had on their lives. The sisters, co-authors of this text, participated in designing the study and analyzing the data we produced; their voices are the core of this article. Issues about inclusion, the harms and benefits of special education classification, stigma, the multi-edged meanings of what it means to be “special,” and the often complicit roles of educators in perpetuating exclusionary policies all arise in the sisters’ discussions with each other, with their co-authors, and with pre-service teachers.     

An Empirical Test of the Relative Validity of Expert and Lay Judgments of Risk

This article investigates how accurately experts (underwriters) and lay persons (university students) judge the risks posed by life-threatening events Only one prior study (Slovic, Fischhoff, & Lichtenstein, 1985) has previously investigated the veracity of expert versus lay judgments of the magnitude of risk. In that study, a heterogeneous grouping of 15 experts was found to judge, using marginal estimations, a variety of risks as closer to the true annual frequencies of death than convenience samples of the lay population. In this study, we use a larger, homogenous sample of experts performing an ecologically valid task. We also ask our respondents to assess frequencies and relative frequencies directly, rather than ask for a "risk" estimate--a response mode subject to possible qualitative attributions-as was done in the Slovic et al. study. Although we find that the experts outperformed lay persons on a number of measures, the differences are small, and both groups showed similar global biases in terms of: (1) overestimating the likelihood of dying from a condition (marginal probability) and of dying from a condition given that it happens to you (conditional probability), and (2) underestimating the ratios of marginal and conditional likelihoods between pairs of potentially lethal events. In spite of these scaling problems, both groups showed quite good performance in ordering the lethal events in terms of marginal and conditional likelihoods. We discuss the nature of expertise using a framework developed by Bolger and Wright (1994), and consider whether the commonsense assumption of the superiority of expert risk assessors in making magnitude judgments of risk is, in fact, sensible.     

首调唱名法的制度原则对理解西方音乐的启示

理解的对象是文本,音乐的文本指的是用符号记下来的乐谱按照规则而组成的乐句系统。因此,理解西方音乐的关键是对西方音乐文本制度的正确解读。首调唱名法的制度原则给予我们对理解西方音乐最大的启示是,"音"与"乐音"之间的重要区别,即"音"要在具体的音乐制度体系中才有意义。     

Problem gambling and property offences: an analysis of court files

This article outlines some of the major findings regarding criminogenic problem gambling in Crofts' (2002) analysis of New South Wales Local and District Court files. The article details firstly the advantages and disadvantages of relying upon court files as a source of information on gambling related crime. The article then outlines the personal characteristics of the subjects in the study, the relationship of gambling to the commission of their offences and judicial responses. The study provided qualitative information on when people are likely to seek treatment for problem gambling and also highlighted problem gambling as a significant motivation for employee theft. The study also suggests that the reasons for problem gambling may impact upon offending patterns.