100 key research questions for the post‐2015 development agenda

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) herald a new phase for international development. This article presents the results of a consultative exercise to collaboratively identify 100 research questions of critical importance for the post‐2015 international development agenda. The final shortlist is grouped into nine thematic areas and was selected by 21 representatives of international and non‐governmental organisations and consultancies, and 14 academics with diverse disciplinary expertise from an initial pool of 704 questions submitted by 110 organisations based in 34 countries. The shortlist includes questions addressing long‐standing problems, new challenges and broader issues related to development policies, practices and institutions. Collectively, these questions are relevant for future development‐related research priorities of governmental and non‐governmental organisations worldwide and could act as focal points for transdisciplinary research collaborations.     

公司治理结构与投资决策安排

厂商的投资决策在受体制模式制约的同时,也在很大程度上受制于企业的制度安排.公司治理结构之于投资决策安排,属于市场经济体制模式下的制度与行为之间的微观制约关系.联系宏观经济运行看问题,这种制约关系的格局会影响到经济运行和发展.本文在对两者之相关性作出概要解说的基础上,重点分析公司治理结构对投资决策安排的内在规定性,并以此为基础透视了我国现阶段公司治理结构的基本特征在哪些方面决定着公司的投资决策安排;作为对公司治理问题的一种探讨,文章穿插了对我国特定制度环境下公司治理模式的两种主要类型的讨论,认为不同类型的公司治理模式具有不同的投资决策机理.     

政府产业管制的理性和非理性

政府的产业管制行为存在着被经济学家潜在察觉到、但没有专门予以研究的理性和非理性的融合。从有限理性约束来理解政府的产业管制行为,可以从理性和非理性融合的角度展开分析。这种分析视角认为:经验和理论在强化政府理性行为的同时会导致政府管制行为的非理性,它反映政府选择行为的理性和非理性的融合。政府产业管制会引致的多种交易费用,这是一个未被经济理论分析引起高度关注的问题。以抽象的数学模型刻画出的由产业管制行为所引起的交易费用,是对政府理性和非理性行为之效应的一种现实分析。     

License to fail? How leader group prototypicality moderates the effects of leader performance on perceptions of leadership effectiveness

Leadership often serves as an explanatory category for performance outcomes (i.e., failure and success). This process can strengthen or weaken leadership effectiveness, because contingent on their performance leaders may gain or lose follower endorsement — the basis of leadership. Drawing on the social identity analysis of leadership, we hypothesized that leader group prototypicality and performance information interact to predict followers' perceptions of leadership effectiveness. Because group prototypical leaders are more trusted by their followers, we hypothesized that group prototypical leaders are evaluated as more effective after failure information than non-prototypical leaders. In contrast, we predicted that both prototypical and non-prototypical leaders should receive similar evaluations of leadership effectiveness after success. We found support for our predictions in a scenario experiment, a cross-sectional field study, and a laboratory experiment.     

Focusing on followers: The role of regulatory focus and possible selves in visionary leadership

Vision communication is considered to be essential for leaders to mobilize followers, but knowledge of how and why vision communication may influence followers is scarce. We argue that visions may invite followers to create an ideal self (a desired image of the self). Subsequent consideration of this ideal self may motivate followers to make the ideal self (and thus the vision) reality. Furthermore, we propose that visions that focus on followers (by addressing followers personally and involving them in the vision) are more likely to lead to the creation of an ideal self and hence to higher follower performance than visions that do not focus on followers. Moreover, we argue that this effect is particularly strong for followers with a promotion self-regulatory focus, a focus on reaching ideals and ideal selves, because promotion focus causes sensitivity to the presence or absence of ideals (Higgins, 1987, 1996, 1997). The results of two experiments support our predictions.     

Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Female Adolescents: Relations with Parental Psychopathology and Parenting Behavior

Parental psychopathology and parenting behavior are known to be related to adolescents depression and anxiety, but unique roles of mothers and fathers are not clear. Our aim was to examine the relation of maternal and paternal psychopathology, emotional support, and respect for autonomy, and their interaction to depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. In total, 142 female adolescents participated, together with 138 mothers and 113 fathers. Data were analyzed using latent growth curve modeling. Paternal emotional support was negatively related to adolescent baseline level of depression and anxiety symptoms. Further, we found that there was a positive association between respect for autonomy and depression symptoms in adolescents for higher levels of paternal symptoms of psychological problems.     

Leadership and Uncertainty: How Role Ambiguity Affects the Relationship between Leader Group Prototypicality and Leadership Effectiveness

In social identity analyses of leadership the role of leader group prototypicality (the extent to which the leader is representative of the collective identity) in leadership effectiveness is emphasized. We extend this analysis by identifying role ambiguity as a situational influence that feeds into the desire to reduce uncertainty, as a moderator of the relationship between leader group prototypicality and indicators of leadership effectiveness (perceived effectiveness, job satisfaction and turnover intentions). Role ambiguity is proposed to lead people to turn to their group memberships, making leadership effectiveness more contingent on the extent to which leaders are group prototypical. Results of a survey of n=368 employees of four Italian companies supported this hypothesis. Role ambiguity and leader group prototypicality interacted in predicting perceived effectiveness, job satisfaction and turnover intentions, such that leader group prototypicality was more strongly related to leadership effectiveness for employees experiencing greater role ambiguity.     

Good Effects of Bad Feelings: Negative Affectivity and Group Decision‐making

Extending the growing interest in the relationship between affect and workgroup processes, we propose that groups make better use of their distributed information and therefore make better decisions when group members are higher in negative affectivity. In an experiment, we studied the influence of negative affectivity when information was distributed among group members and when group members had fully shared information. Results indicated that negative affectivity indeed stimulates group information processing and decision quality when information is distributed among group members.     

公司治理结构与制度安排约束——从委托代理和契约联结之两层面的理论解说

公司治理结构的合意与否受制度安排约束是一个不争的事实,但制度安排在哪些方面对公司治理产生约束的理论说明,必须联系公司治理结构与制度安排约束的关联来认识.从剩余索取权和控制权的角度来考察,公司内部制衡和外部约束的现实,主要涉及产权委托代理和市场契约联结等相关层面.在关注公司内部不同机构的职能及其相互关系的同时,注重对委托代理和契约联结的研究,可以在较宽广的层面上对公司治理结构作出一些实质性的解释.我国现阶段制度安排对公司治理结构的约束,在相当大的程度上是由体制转轨引起的,其特点有着一些值得探讨的内容.