Designing User‐Centered Humanitarian Technologies with Displaced People in Iraq: Lessons from Refunite's Mobile Family Tracing Platform

As almost all adults in Iraq own a mobile phone, there is great scope to reach and engage with internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Iraq through mobile technologies. This article argues for the importance of a user‐centered design approach when using mobile technologies in humanitarian response. A user‐centered approach considers context and places IDPs’ lived experiences as active technology users at the forefront of project design and implementation. The argument is supported by a case study of Refunite, a family tracing platform that uses mobile technologies to help people find their missing loved ones. This article seeks to address the gap in the literature on user‐centered humanitarian mobile technology projects, particularly in relation to the Middle East. Given the current lack of guidelines on mobile technologies in humanitarian response, the article concludes by recommending that humanitarian practitioners draw on an existing framework, the Principles for Digital Development (2016).     

Vegetation on and around large-scale buildings positively influences native tropical bird abundance and bird species richness

High population growth in the tropics is driving urbanisation, removing diverse natural ecosystems. This is causing native species to suffer while introduced synanthropes flourish. City planners are developing urban greenspace networks, in part trying to address this issue. Architects contribute to these greenspace networks by designing elevated and ground level green spaces on large-scale buildings. However, little evidence is available on whether building green spaces support native fauna. This is true for birds in tropical Singapore that support important ecosystem services and have existence value. Therefore, in this study, we conducted bird surveys and statistical analyses to determine, if and how vegetation on three building green space types (ground gardens, roof gardens and green walls) have a positive impact on native or introduced bird species. We found that elevated greenery (roof gardens and green walls) on large-scale buildings supported a higher richness of birds and abundance of urban native birds than control roofs and walls without vegetation. Ground gardens supported similar levels of native species as roof gardens but also a larger proportion of generalist synanthropes. However, we found no tropical forest habitat specialists across any space type. Therefore, we recommend roof gardens and ground gardens as a potential space for urban natives outside of a less competitive ground-level urban environment. Our study also found certain building design elements (height of elevated space, presence of specific plants) supported different species groups. Therefore, we suggest that these ecological requirements for different species groups are considered when designing a building’s green space.

     

International study of heavy drinking: attitudes and sociodemographic factors in university students

The authors studied the prevalence of heavy drinking among students in 21 developed and developing countries using an anonymous survey of 7,846 male and 9,892 female students aged 17 to 30 years. There were wide variations in the prevalence of drinking among countries, and the highest rates of heavy drinking (defined as 5 or more drinks for men and 4 or more drinks for women on at least 1 occasion over the past 2 weeks) were reported in Belgium, Colombia, Ireland, and Poland (men), and Ireland and England (women). Heavy drinking was associated with living away from home, having a wealthier family background, and having well-educated parents. Beliefs about the dangers to health of excessive consumption were negatively related to heavy drinking. Heavy drinking is a concern among students in several countries and is associated with greater affluence. Challenging beliefs concerning health risks is a crucial aspect of prevention in this population.     

Mental health and educational difficulties in children in contact with Children's Social Services

The British Child Mental Health Survey 1999 collected data from 10 438 children aged 5–15 years, selected at random from the child benefit register. At 2 and 3 years, all those with a psychiatric disorder and a random third without were followed up with further detailed interviews about the services contacted if parents reported service contact or if parents expressed concern about their child's mental health at baseline and follow‐up, but reported no service use. We compared children in contact with Children's Social Services with children in contact with Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) or no services. The children in contact with Children's Social Services had a high level of psychopathology and considerable educational difficulties. Despite this, they often had no contact with CAMHS or access to provision for special educational needs. It also became clear that parents were often using Children's Social Services as a first‐line service, i.e. a way of trying to access help. The results provide us with an interesting insight into the level of need of those children in contact with Children's Social Services and we hope to stimulate discussion about how liaison between all the services children access can better provide for their needs.     

Distress in Emerging Adults: Further Evaluation of the Painful Feelings About Divorce Scale

Young adults from divorced families experience clear emotional distress despite most not meeting diagnostic criteria for emotional disorders. Laumann-Billings and Emery (2000) developed the Painful Feelings About Divorce (PFAD) scale to assess the emotional distress emerging adults feel regarding childhood parental divorce. The study sample is undergraduates predominately between the ages of 18 and 22. This study adds to the literature by (a) further demonstrating the PFAD scale reliability and validity, (b) including participants with both divorced and separated but never married parents, and (c) assessing generalizability of the PFAD with a more diverse socioeconomic sample.     

After the Crisis and Beyond the New Constitutionalism? The Case of the Free Movement of Capital

This article examines the ‘new constitutionalism’ of the free movement of capital at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) after the global economic crisis. It is argued that the concept of new constitutionalism, as developed by Stephen Gill, is an indispensable concept to understand the still growing institutionalization of neoliberal policies in constitutions, laws, institutions, and regulations. The latest attempt to further extend the constitutionalization of the free movement of capital, one of the pillars of neoliberalism, is the IMF's newly developed ‘institutional view’ on capital flows. This approach, while more pragmatic than earlier attempts, can be understood as a renewed effort to prevent emerging markets and developing countries from installing capital controls and deviating significantly from neoliberal policies. However, emerging markets and developing countries have opposed this new IMF framework. As such, the ability to further extend the new constitutionalism of the free movement of capital is severely weakened.

Este artículo examina el ‘nuevo constitucionalismo’ del libre movimiento de capital en el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), después de la crisis económica global. Se sostiene que el concepto del nuevo constitucionalismo, como lo desarrolló Stephen Gill, es un concepto indispensable para entender la aún creciente institucionalización de las políticas neoliberales en las constituciones, leyes, instituciones y regulaciones. El último intento para extender aún más la constitucionalización del movimiento libre de capital, uno de los pilares del neoliberalismo, es la ‘visión institucional’ sobre los flujos de capital, recientemente desarrollada por el FMI. Este enfoque, aunque más pragmático que en intentos anteriores, puede entenderse como un esfuerzo renovado para prevenir a los mercados emergentes y a los países en desarrollo, de instalar controles de capital y la desviación de modo significativo, de las políticas neoliberales. Sin embargo, los mercados emergentes y los países en desarrollo se opusieron este nuevo marco del FMI. Como tal, la habilidad para extender más allá al nuevo constitucionalismo del movimiento libre del capital se ha debilitado mucho.

本文检讨全球经济危机之后在国际货币基金组织（IFM）内的资本自由流动的“新宪政主义”。由吉尔（Stephen Gill）提出的“新宪政主义”的概念,被认为是理解在宪法、法律、机构和规章方面仍然扩张的新自由主义的制度化的不可或缺的概念。最近的进一步扩大资本流动的宪政化即新自由主义的支柱之一的企图就是IMF新开发的关于资本流动的“制度观点”。尽管比之早先的观点更务实,这一企图可以看做是为阻止新兴市场和其它国家设立资本控制和实质性地远离新自由主义政策的最新努力。不过,新兴市场和发展中国家反对IFM这一新框架。因此,进一步延伸资本自由流动的“新宪政主义”的能力遭到严重削弱。

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Эта статья исследует “новый конституционализм” свободного движения капитала в Международном Валютном фонде (МВФ) после глобального экономического кризиса. Утверждается, что концепция нового конституционализма, разработанная Стивеном Гиллом, является незаменимой для понимания концепции растущей институционализации неолиберальной политики в конституциях, законах, институтах и правилах. Последняя попытка МВФ продлить конституционализацию свободного движения капитала, одного из столпов неолиберализма, недавно разработанный "институциональный взгляд" на потоки капитала. Этот подход, хотя и более прагматичный, чем более ранние попытки, может быть понят как возобновленные усилия по предотвращению того, чтобы возникающие рынки и развивающиеся страны установили контроль за движением капитала, значительно отклоняясь от неолиберальной политики. Однако, развивающиеся страны и рынки выступили против этой новой структуры МВФ. По существу, способность к дальнейшему расширению нового конституционализма свободного движения капитала сильно ослаблена.     

Child center closures: Does nonprofit status provide a comparative advantage?

Reliable access to dependable, high quality childcare services is a vital concern for large numbers of American families. The childcare industry consists of private nonprofit, private for-profit, and governmental providers that differ along many dimensions, including quality, clientele served, and organizational stability. Nonprofit providers are theorized to provide higher quality services given comparative tax advantages, higher levels of consumer trust, and management by mission driven entrepreneurs. This study examines the influence of ownership structure, defined as nonprofit, for-profit sole proprietors, for-profit companies, and governmental centers, on organizational instability, defined as childcare center closures. Using a cross sectional data set of 15724 childcare licenses in California for 2007, we model the predicted closures of childcare centers as a function of ownership structure as well as center age and capacity. Findings indicate that for small centers (capacity of 30 or less) nonprofits are more likely to close, but for larger centers (capacity 30 +) nonprofits are less likely to close. This suggests that the comparative advantages available for nonprofit organizations may be better utilized by larger centers than by small centers. We consider the implications of our findings for parents, practitioners, and social policy.     

The Emergence and the Effects of Therapeutic Factors in Groups

ABSTRACT

This article explores the emergence of therapeutic factors in domestic violence men's group, as well as their effects on participants and the group. The authors conducted semistructured interviews with 72 men from groups in Quebec, after their fourth session. Thirty-eight of these men were met again, following their 16th session. A critical incident technique permitted us to identify various therapeutic factors. Three key factors are discussed: imparting information, hope, and cohesion. The authors found different processes influencing their development, particularly the roles of the worker, other members, and the group as a whole. These factors helped members meet their objectives and by their interdependency also contributed to group development. The authors made links with mutual aid and identified implications for research and practice.