中小学生学习动机量表的编制

以奥苏贝尔的学习动机理论为基础，以认知内驱力、自我提高内驱力和附属内驱力三个变量作为学习动机的测量指标，编制了中小学生学习动机问卷。问卷包括认知内驱力、自我提高内驱力、附属内驱力三个分量表。结果表明，该问卷具有良好的信度和效度。此问卷可以作为准确、客观地测量中小学生学习动机的有效工具，有助于我们全面了解中小学生的学习动...     

Rank and response: A field experiment on peer information and water use behavior

Perception of peer rank, or how we perform relative to our peers, can be a powerful motivator. While research exists on the effect of social information on decision making, there is less work on how ranked comparisons with our peers influence our behavior. This paper outlines a field experiment conducted with 3896 households in Castro Valley, California, which uses household mailers with various forms of social information and peer rank messaging to motivate water conservation. The experiment tests the effect of a visible peer rank on water use, and how the competitive framing of rank information influences behavioral response. The results show that households with relatively low or high water use in the pre-treatment period responded differently to how rank information was framed. I find that a neutrally-framed peer rank caused a small “boomerang effect” (i.e., an increase in average water use) for low water use households, but this effect was eliminated by competitive framing. At the same time, a competitively-framed peer rank demotivated high water use households, increasing their average water use over the full period of the experiment. This result is supported by evidence that the competitive frame on rank information increased water use for households who ranked “last” in the peer group – a detrimental “last place effect” from competitively-framed rankings.     

The application of a performance management system in hospitals: A hypothetical example

Abstract

The central theme of this article is performance management, defined as activities of organizations aimed at an effective and efficient use of their human resources. The organization focused on in particular is the hospital. Three principles taken from motivation theory are dealt with which are basic to performance management: goal setting, feedback and reinforcement. Next, a recently developed procedure (Pritchard 1990, Pritchard et al. 1988, 1989) for the design of performance management systems is described. This procedure, ProMES: Productivity Measurement and Enhancement Systems, is explained using a team of ward nurses as a hypothetical example. In addition to the nursing wards example, other potential applications of the ProMES technique to several hospitals areas are mentioned. Finally, some conditions that should be fulfilled in order to successfully start a ProMES project are discussed.     

近代中国私塾改良动因论析

鸦片战争后,中国被迫开始社会转型,与此同时,私塾教育亦开始为知识分子们所反对,政府也开始对私塾进行逐步改良。形成近代中国社会私塾——新学堂并存的教育体系二元格局,知识分子的觉醒,资产阶级思想的启蒙,新学堂的兴起,私塾自身的缺陷,政府的低效率,宗族社会的关系,在这些社会背景和历史动因影响下,开始了近代中国困顿与求索,蜕变与传承的私塾改良进程。     

Exploitation aversion: When financial incentives fail to motivate agents

Studies of the principal-agent relationship find that monetary incentives work in many instances but that they can also backfire. Various mechanisms for this failure have been examined (e.g., intrinsic motivation, image concerns). We posit that an aversion to being exploited, i.e., being used instrumentally for another’s benefit, can also cause incentives to fail. Using an experiment we find that compliance is lower for exploitative principals compared to neutral ones despite using the same contracts. To corroborate our results we show that surveyed “exploitation aversion” mediates this effect. Our results have implications for the design and implementation of incentives within organizations.     

浅析高校大学生兼职现象

随着我国高等教育的进一步深入，特别是高校扩招政策的实施，大学生就业形势日益严峻。当前各大高校都出现了一个类似的现象，大批刚刚进入校门的学子第一件事就是找一份好的兼职工作，他们以各种不同形式的兼职来磨练自己的意志力和勇气。在锻炼自己的同时，又很好地为家庭分忧解难。     

学习动机内化的理论反思与教育启示

揭示学习动机的内化规律和特点,有助于提升学生的学习效果,实现教育的目标。通过对现有学习动机理论及其应用研究的梳理,论证了依靠外部教育资源的有效设置来满足学生的基本需求,是促进动机内化的关键。在借鉴西方先进学习动机理念与模式的基础上,为我国学校教育的发展变革提供了一定的参考。     

新疆非英语专业大学生英语学习动机调查——以新疆非英语专业维吾尔族和汉族大学生为例

文章主要研究新疆非英语专业维吾尔族大学生的学习动机类型及其成因，并将其与汉族大学生的学习动机类型及成因进行对照。结果表明新疆非英语专业维吾尔族大学生具有与汉族大学生同样的动机类型，主要属于工具型动机和内在动机，但也有一部分学生是个人发展动机。此外，他们的自身英语水平对其学习动机具有显著影响。     

控股股东掏空动机与多元化的盈余波动效应

多元化经营是公司关注的重大发展问题,因此,多元化经营的动机及其经济后果也成为学者们研究的重点话题。本文从我国上市公司的多元化经营与盈余波动性之间的关系入手对这一问题进行研究,具体分析了公司多元化经营的程度对盈余波动性的影响及控股股东的掏空动机对多元化盈余波动效应的作用。研究发现,我国上市公司的多元化经营显著降低了公司的盈余波动性,多元化程度越高,盈余的波动性越低;但由控股股东代理问题而形成的掏空动机损害了多元化的盈余波动效应。本文的研究为多元化的经济后果增添了新的文献,同时也为上市公司监管提供了参考依据。     

成语及其认知理据

成语历来是英语学习者最感头痛的一个问题 ,这不仅因为语言学界对成语的定义莫衷一是 ,更主要因为成语自身有着极其丰富的比喻意义