基于系统动力学模型的发动机再制造经济性研究

从生产和物流成本出发,对发动机再制造经济性进行分析。基于系统动力学建立发动机再制造全过程关键因素及成本分析模型,研究了不同批量、不同库存策略、不同管理方法下的再制造成本,最后通过系统动力学软件Vensim对成本模型进行模拟仿真,并得出结论:随着产能的扩大,为降低回收成本,应在原有网络的基础上进一步扩大回收网络;因缺货带来的影响非常明显,应采取面向订单生产模式的库存策略以减少缺货成本。     

再制造方式下引擎保证成本最小化研究

针对如何优化汽车引擎产品的保证成本这一问题,利用成本动因理论,分析并建立了引擎产品保证成本动因体系,该成本动因体系不仅包括了传统的保证成本,还考虑了失效产品再次失效的潜在成本。接着,利用数学规划方法,建立了引擎产品保证成本模型,并利用Matlab进行了数值分析。研究结论可用于指导汽车引擎制造企业在再制造方式下优化引擎产品保证成本。     

Managing Demand Uncertainty through Core Acquisition in Remanufacturing

We discuss the optimal raw material acquisition strategy for a third party remanufacturer (3PR). We specifically investigate whether a 3PR should acquire used products or cores in bulk with uncertain quality levels, or in sorted grades with known quality levels; and whether to acquire and remanufacture cores before the demand is realized (planned acquisition), or after the demand is realized (reactive acquisition), or on both occasions (sequential acquisition). When only sorted cores are acquired, we find that, (i) it is optimal to acquire cores in multiple grades to balance acquisition and remanufacturing costs; (ii) if reactive acquisition is possible, it reduces the assortment size (number of grades in which cores are acquired) and the total inventory acquired in the planned acquisition; and (iii) the optimal portfolio of grades to acquire and the optimal acquisition and remanufacturing quantities of these grades can be determined analytically. When bulk cores are acquired in addition to sorted cores, the property of reduction in assortment size of the planned acquisition is preserved. We also show that the 3PR should acquire only a fraction of the demand in planned acquisition, and leave the rest for reactive acquisition. This fraction changes during the lifecycle of a remanufactured product. Using a combination of empirical and realistic data from a smartphone remanufacturer we show that sequential acquisition increases expected profit by up to 8% and 27% over only planned and only reactive acquisitions respectively, and reduces the inventory acquired by up to 21% over only planned acquisition.     

考虑质量成本的再制造系统批量计划综合优化

研究需求和再制造率不确定下整个再制造系统的综合协调问题,帮助再制造商制定各环节批量决策以实现整体最优． 首先,考虑对应其拆卸后不同质量状况的差异再制造成本,构建能反映质量成本的拆卸和再制造总成本模型; 接着,考虑新零部件采购提前期,利用两阶段利润函数的思想,构建包括拆卸、再制造和重新装配3个子系统中所有成本因素、以利润最大化为目标的优化模型; 然后,求解最优再制造/拆卸比率、拆卸批量、再制造/采购批量和重新装配批量; 最后,通过算例验证并讨论平均再制造零部件获取成本对再制造批量、采购批量、拆卸和再制造总成本以及总利润的影响,再制造/拆卸比率和单位拆卸成本的关系．     

How Does Product Recovery Affect Quality Choice?

We study the impact of product recovery on a firm's product quality choice, where quality is defined as an observable performance measure that increases a consumer's valuation for the product. We consider three general forms of product recovery: (i) when product recovery reuses (after reprocessing) quality inducing components or material (e.g., remanufacturing), (ii) when product recovery does not reuse quality inducing components or material but it is overall profitable (e.g., cell phone recycling), and (iii) when product recovery is costly (but mandated by legislation, e.g., recycling of small appliances in the European Union). Using a stylized economic model, we show that the form of product recovery, recovery cost structure, and the presence of product take‐back legislation play an important role in quality choice. Generally speaking, product recovery increases the firm's quality choice, except for some instances of recovery form (ii). In addition, we find that product take‐back legislation can lead to higher quality choice as opposed to voluntary take‐back. We further demonstrate that both the firm and the consumers benefit from recovery form (ii), while both are worse off with recovery form (iii). However, environmental implications of the three recovery modes differ from their impact on consumer surplus and firm profit. While recovery forms (i) and (iii) reduce consumption and increase environmental benefits, the same is not true with recovery form (ii), which can increase consumption, potentially resulting in higher environmental impact.     

两级再制造的S-M闭环供应链的决策与绩效分析

供应商是再制造战略研究中不可忽视的决策主体之一,因为制造商的产品回收再制造战略会对供应商的零部件供应决策产生影响,而且处于强势背景的供应商也有选择是否参与零部件的回收再制造的权利。为了探讨产品和零部件的两级再制造战略对供应商和零售商的定价决策及收益的影响,本文运用Stackelberg博弈,对供应商强势背景下供应商选择参与和选择不参与零部件的回收再制造的两种Supplier-Manufacturer闭环供应链模型进行了研究,并对两种情形下的定价决策与收益进行了对比分析。最后得出以下结论:再制造战略对批发价决策的影响与产品的市场需求状况有关,对零售价决策的影响与回收风险状况有关;供应商应积极参与两级再制造战略,因为供应商选择供应可再制造的零部件使自身受益,并且参与零部件的回收再制造可以在降低批发价和零售价的基础上使双方受益。最后,运用数值算例验证了本文的研究结论,丰富了再制造战略对定价决策及收益影响的研究成果。     

基于消费者效用模型的耐用品垄断商回购与再制造决策研究

运用消费者效用模型,研究了二手市场条件下耐用品垄断商回购并进行再制造的两周期动态决策问题。研究得到,当耐用品的生产成本与再制造成本低于临界值时,耐用品垄断厂商才应该选择回购并进行再制造;再制造不仅可以对二手市场产生挤兑效应,而且可以获得市场增长效应,新耐用品成本越高,则挤兑效应与增长效应越明显;耐用品垄断厂商有提高消费者对再制造耐用品的认可程度与降低耐用品耐用度的激励。     

Manufacturing network configuration in supply chains with product recovery

Efficient implementation of product recovery requires appropriate network structures. In this paper, we study the network design problem of a firm that manufactures new products and remanufactures returned products in its facilities. We examine the capacity decisions and expected performance of two alternative manufacturing network configurations when demand and return flows are both uncertain.     

Cost Allocation in Manufacturing–Remanufacturing Operations

For firms remanufacturing their products, the total life‐cycle costs and revenues from new and remanufactured products determine their profitability. In many firms, manufacturing/sales and remanufacturing/remarketing operations are carried out in different divisions. Each division is responsible for only part of the product's life cycle. Practices regarding transfer pricing across divisions vary significantly among companies, affecting the life‐cycle profit performance of the product. In this research, we identify characteristics of transfer prices that achieve the firm‐wide optimal solution. To this end, we consider a manufacturer who also undertakes remanufacturing operations and we focus on price (quantity) decisions. We determine that a cost allocation mechanism that allocates a portion of the initial production cost to each of the two stages of the product life cycle should be used. We also conclude that cost allocation should be implemented as a fixed cost allocation, where charges to the remanufacturing division should be determined independently of the actual quantity of units remanufactured.     

奖惩机制下具竞争制造商的废旧产品回收决策模型

各国政府为保护环境加强了对废旧电器电子产品的回收再制造的管制。本文研究了两个制造商竞争情况下基于政府奖惩机制的制造商的废旧产品回收决策问题。具体研究时分两种情况:一种情况是两个制造商中只有一个回收再制造废旧产品,另一种情况是两个制造商都回收再制造废旧产品。研究表明:奖惩机制下回收再制造废旧产品的制造商的回收率提高;无论制造商是否回收再制造废旧产品,其新产品销售价均比无奖惩机制时低,奖惩机制对消费者有利;制造商竞争有利于奖惩机制引导制造商提高废旧产品的回收率;回收率随再制造率的提高而提高;无论另一个制造商回收再制造废旧产品与否,实施回收再制造制造商的利润随奖惩力度的提高而增加,随政府规定的目标回收率的提高而降低,且奖惩力度越大,降低幅度越明显。算例分析说明了上述结论的正确性。