草原牧区生态移民及其对策

随着我国草原的日益退化，牧民的生存和发展形势严峻，牧区的生态移民问题已经提到议事日程，并在我国许多牧区开始实践。该文对牧区生态移民的成因和途径做了初步的探索。我国牧区人口已超出了生态环境的承受力，许多牧民已经丧失了基本生产生活资料——草原。草原封育需要牧区进行生态移民，要用科学的发展观指导牧区生态移民；政府要用宏观、开放的视野指导牧区生态移民，不能局限在一时一地解决这一问题；向牧区未利用草原移民；改革牧区的第一产业，发展牧区的第二、三产业，为牧民创造更多的就业岗位以减轻向系统外移民的压力；向农村和城镇转移，实现从草原生态经济系统向系统外移民。     

State‐led transnationalism and migration: reaching out to the Argentine community in Spain

Abstract This article focuses on when and how states develop transnational policies. It presents a case study of a relatively small emigrant community, whose departure was not simply caused by poverty or crisis, but most recently by an economic and political debacle that questioned people's values and expectations. I focus on the state side of the equation and identify a shift in Argentina's policy after 2003, though also show how such policies came out of a long history of state intervention in population and migration and are now related to human rights concerns and the unfinished process of democratic consolidation. I argue that the state initiates political transnationalism, not migrants, and highlight the importance of some relatively unexplored factors in the understanding of the motivation, intensity and impact of the state's involvement, such as the characteristics of the emigrant community, the existence of specific political projects, the role of some domestic actors and processes, and the nature of international agreements.     

Images of transit: the experiential traces of Soviet Jewish emigration

ABSTRACT

Between 1971 and 1990, approximately 185,000 Soviet Jews who immigrated to countries other than Israel traveled through Austria and Italy. This period of transit migration through the “Vienna–Rome pipeline” left deep impressions on most emigrants, as it entailed their first encounter with the West as well as their first steps in their new identity as immigrants. This essay focuses on photography of remnants of the journey – of objects, of old photographs, and of landscapes – in order to explore ideas about immigrants' relationship to the passage of time and their migration experiences. It emphasizes the embodied though often unacknowledged tenor of the past rather than treating it as a distant object of nostalgia. This essay further shows that immigrants draw not only on their experiences in the Soviet Union or the United States to reflect on their lives; the places of transit migration also hold lasting meaning for them.     

“Gone to work to America”: Irish step-migration through south Wales in the 1860s and 1870s

Why did the Irish-born population of Wales decline so sharply in the decade 1861–1870? This paper argues that during the 1850s and 1860s, large numbers of Irish men and women travelled to south Wales in order to finance emigration to the USA. Using the US Federal Census, this paper shows how Irish step-migration through Wales led principally to the Pennsylvania coalfields. This type of migration is termed the Knight’s-move: a sideways move from agriculture into heavy industry, in order to advance forward across the Atlantic. The Knight’s-move challenges previous assumptions about immigration into the south Wales coalfield during the nineteenth century.     

中国林区贫困现状及解决对策研究综述

林区有着丰富的自然资源,但是近年来,林区社会经济落后以及林农的贫困成为我国现阶段较为显著的现象,同时也成为影响林业发展以及整个社会发展的一个迫在眉睫的问题。林区贫困问题引起了国内外学者的极大关注,本文主要论述了我国林区贫困的现状,并介绍了目前较为典型的5个解决林区贫困的方法和对策：即生态移民、开发非木材林产品、森林旅游、中央和地方政府的扶持、发展教育。     

水库移民补偿与安置机制探析

水库移民难题的解决需要依靠补偿与安置机制的创新。水库移民补偿与安置长效机制破除了传统的移民补偿和安置机制把开发商和移民当作完全独立的利益团体．对移民补偿与安置采取一次性现金交易方式的思路，根据移民淹没损失与工程效益之间的内在联系，将淹没土地资源对移民所具有的基本收入保障的功能通过移民制度化地分享水利水电工程稳定的长期的收益得到替换。在移民基本收入得到保障的前提下。充分开发移民人力资源。最大限度地规避移民贫困风险的发生。     

Stepniak and the friends of Russia

This paper discusses the activities of Stepniak once he arrived in Britain in 1884. In particular, it is concerned to trace Stepniak's relations with Socialist groups. Although work has already been completed on his contact with Liberals, this other aspect of his activity, symbolized by the founding of the shortlived Society of Friends of Russia, has been relatively neglected. It is possible, however, to unearth the various contacts with socialists that this emigre made in the 11 years that he was politically active in this country. It was these individuals rather than the Liberals he knew, that kept alive Stepniak's memory.     

三峡库区外迁移民难点及移民心态研究

通过对三峡库区巫山、奉节、云阳外迁移民工作的实地调研 ,概述了外迁移民工作存在的一些困难 ,分析了外迁移民的种种心态及其对三峡库区外迁移民工作的影响 ,提出了把握与改善外迁移民心态 ,促进外迁移民工作的几点建议     

对阿拉善左旗牧民城镇化迁移意愿的实证分析

牧民作为牧区城镇化的参与主体,在向牧区城镇以及城镇周边转移的过程中,其迁移意愿将直接影响到牧区城镇化的进度和效果。本文采用LOGIT模型对阿拉善左旗牧民的城镇化意愿进行了实证分析,并结合调研情况对实证结果进行了解释。在研究假设上,对牧户的家庭特征变量、牧民的个体特征变量、所在牧区的特征变量分别进行了假设。实证结果表明,阿拉善左旗牧民迁移意愿的影响因素存在着特殊性。通过实地调研分析,我们认为牧民的迁移意愿是由牧区的特殊区情、个体的成本收益分析以及草地畜牧业的产业特点决定的。     

魏晋南北朝时期的山东移民与文化变迁

魏晋南北朝时期的山东地区成为当时移民大潮最主要的发源地之一。山东地区人口的大规模迁出和迁入,不仅对山东区域的政治、经济和军事形势产生了重大影响,而且引发了当地文化风貌的重大变迁。其中最显著的影响表现在儒、释、道三教的发展流变及其地位的升降变迁上。主要表现在三个方面:(一)山东地区文化世家的外迁和佛教的冲击引发儒学传统的衰落。(二)山东地区文化世家的外迁和北方人口(尤其是少数民族人口)的迁入及少数民族政权的统治促进了佛教在山东地区的蓬勃发展。(三)山东地区文化世家的外迁和佛教的兴起,使道教的发展较之佛教的发展相形见绌。