Does a universal non-contributory social pension make sense for rural China?

China’s pension reform during the past three decades has allowed a majority of China’s population to be covered by a pension scheme. Of particular note has been the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS), a voluntary programme introduced starting in 2009. One goal of our analysis is to assess that pension scheme, using a variety of sources of information including data drawn from recent (2013 and 2015) nationwide China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Surveys (CHARLS). Our analysis involves an exploration of differences between the generosity and structure of the NRPS and other pension schemes currently in place. We also explore the feasibility of reforming the current “quasi-social pension” component of the NRPS by substituting a universal non-contributory social pension pillar. In connection with our assessment of the NRPS, we note the unusually low benefit levels for rural China.     

Fire and restoration of the largest urban forest of the world in Rio de Janeiro City,Brazil

National Park of Tijuca in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) is about 3,300 ha and considered the largest urban forest in the world. Its floristic composition is typical of Atlantic Rain Forest. The reserve is being altered because of fire occurrences and urban expansion. This study identified locations and causes of forest fires, and makes management recommendations to restore damaged areas. From 1991 to 2000, forest firefighters recorded an average of 75-fire occurrences/year. Identified causes included hot air balloons (24%), intentional (24%), rubbish burning (21%) and religious practices (17%). Primary fuels included invasive grasses and ferns. Although hot air balloons destroyed larger areas of forest in each occurrence, a greater number of fires started in the invasive vegetation along roads that bisect the forest. In response to recurrent forests, invasive vegetation has spread gradually into the forest increasing forest degradation. To decrease fire damage, sites with high fire frequencies and density of invasive vegetation were planted with less flammable species. Results indicate that fire frequency decreased and density of invasive vegetation declined. This approach appears to prevent fire incidence, reduce the need for fire fighting, and preserve existing biodiversity.     

大跃进时期的“赶超”思潮

“大跃进”运动是探索中国社会主义道路中所经历的一场带有全局性失误的经济建设运动。当时，“赶超”思潮成为一股不可忽视的势头，逐渐由理性走向非理性，进而偏离常规的轨道。实践中，“赶超”之风愈演愈烈，最终走向极端。这场运动影响深远，教训深刻，时刻提醒人们不能重蹈覆辙，为我国在经济建设上提供了前车之鉴。尤其是对当前经济建设具有重要启示。     

Les transformations de l'intégration par l'emploi: Regards croisés : France métropolitaine - île de La Réunion

Against a background of mass unemployment and the increasing precariousness of employment, the current changes in the labour market demand that we examine the previously central role of paid employment in social integration. If the individual now deprived of employment or having a temporary contract is by dint of this fact less included in society or is less secure by not having a permanent salary, is it to say that he embodies the face of the de-affiliated, of those who miss out on social benefits? Taking the example of the Reunion Island which has the highest level of unemployment and population covered by the minimum income (RMI: Revenu Minimum d'Insertion) in the country, this article endeavours to explain and understand how, in the context of a protective society and increasingly flexible employment market, new methods of social integration without and resulting from paid employment are being formed.     

试论古汉语中的“鸳鸯”是否是联绵词——兼论联绵词的一种鉴别方式

在现代汉语中“鸳鸯”是联绵词。通过对“鸳鸯”的历时考察，发现“鸳”、“鸯”能单用、分用，有重叠形式，“鸳鸯”有异序词，也和合成词一样。所以用现行的有关联绵词的语素识别方法一双向替换法不好判断它是否是联绵词。通过考察联绵词的来源，提出了新的判断方法，用两个公式区分联绵词与合成词，最终确定“鸳鸯”从古至今都是联绵词。     

Les agriculteurs dans la fabrique d'une nouvelle agriculture

The model of development that has governed the modernization of farming in France is increasingly coming under attack. Given this, analysing the “work” that farming performs to “translate” the criticisms with which it must cope in formulating new definitions of roles is important in order to understand changes under way in this sector. The changes undergone by farming over the past eighty years are briefly presented and then the procedures and results of a survey, conducted during the mad cow disease among beef-farmers in Burgundy, are described. Light is thus shed on the diversity of the positions that farmers have adopted with regard to the future of their occupation. An interpretation is proposed of how the distribution (and interplay between) these positions might affect agriculture. - Special issue on Agriculture and food.     

"得"字句研究札记三则

我们认为 ,“得”字句的语义、结构中心在“得”后成分上 ,所以“把墙刷得白”不能说 ,是因为“把”字句表示一种处置 ,其后的谓语必然蕴含着实现这一时体意义 ,而作为有“把”的“得”字句中心的“白”是单个性质形容词 ,本身不包含实现这一时体特征 ;我们对范晓先生《复动“V得”句》一文中的用三个平面观点解释一种“得”字句提出一点疑问 ;对张豫峰以博士论文为基础发表的两篇论文中的观点和学风问题进行了批评。     

德曼的“新社会主义哲学”和他的“新发现”

亨利·德曼的“新社会主义哲学”建立在对马克思主义的批判基础上，并与资产阶级哲学实行联姻，德曼在马克思《１８４４年经济学哲学手搞》中的“新发现”表明的不过是对马克思主义的严重曲解，这一哲学不仅在理论上没有给社会主义运动贡献新东西，而且在实践上蜕变成了与法西斯合流的反动力量．     

“圭叶”基层民主新实践与启示

圭叶村创造性地运用“五合章”监督村干部，促进了该村干部的廉洁自律。这一农村基层民主政治的新形式为缓解紧张的干群关系、完善村民自治制度、扎实推进基层民主政治建设提供了有益的启示。     

论《塞莱斯蒂娜》的文体之争

围绕着《塞莱斯蒂娜》的文体,国内外的学者们争论了多年,究竟是戏剧,还是小说,至今仍未能统一看法。笔者在文章中就《塞莱斯蒂娜》的文体之争表明了自己的观点:《塞莱斯蒂娜》是一部戏剧,而且是一部悲喜剧,一部应该归入案头剧范畴的悲喜剧。