论陕西文学的传奇性

新时期陕西文学特色鲜明:除了内容上作家们对积淀深厚的黄土地农耕文化的深刻把握以外,在表现形式上最突出的特点便是对中国古代传奇性手法的创新运用;作家们通过传奇与历史典藉的粘贴,传奇与通俗性的并轨,形成了表达方式的可信性:在故事情节的创构上,作家们以巧取胜,创造出离奇合理的审美效果,通过夸张变形,渲染出超常规的艺术境界,取得了出入预料的艺术效果;与传统的传奇手法的“内容则为大众的情绪与思想”更为丰富,陕西作家注重文学与时代的联结,使传奇与侠义、传奇与救世理想在新时期文学中形成了多层面多角度的意蕴阐释。     

土地治权的变动与政权变迁

在传统农耕社会的制度框架中,土地不仅是一种经济学意义上的自然资源,更为重要的是作为一种政治活动的对象而存在。国家以政权的形式赋予土地所有权、土地经营方式以合法性的依据。土地治权与国家政权之间存在着一种内在的张力,土地治权作为国家意志在土地之中的凝结,其变动是对于社会利益的一种强制性的分割,与传统社会的政权变动有着内在性的相关。     

我国能效标准和标识制度的现状、问题与对策

能效标准、标识制度是确定能源节约与浪费的尺度,是政府对节能实行管理和调控的有力措施,也是衡量用能单位是否达到节能的准则。本文在深入分析我国能效标准、标识制度实施现状和存在问题的基础上,借鉴国外经验,并结合我国实际,提出了完善我国能效标准、标识制度的对策。     

四级阅读测试题型与对策

分析了最近 1 3年 2 2套四级考试阅读理解部分全部问题 ,并以文字、图表数据说明五类题型的比例及测试特点。同时结合《大学英语教学大纲》,分析了师生在平常教与学的过程中可采取的对策。     

问题:科学创新的起点

从问题的角度出发 ,提出了问题是科学创新的起点 ,并进一步阐述了问题的来源和问题的意义。只要我们善于从问题出发 ,立足于问题 ,我们的科学创新就会有一番新天地。     

我国农地所有权制度的变迁与创新

历史上,我国农地经历了从原始公有制向国有制再到私有制的变迁,而建国后则经历了从耕者有其田到集体所有的变迁。文章运用新制度经济学理论对我国农地所有权制度的变迁作了分析,并为《物权法》的制定、当前集体农地所有权制度创新提出了建议。     

The Chinese Road in the Light of Historical Continuity

The Chinese road has deep historical roots. Its most striking feature is that it is marked by historical continuity rather than rupture, and the main force behind this continuity is its intrinsic dynamism and vitality. Unlike the paradigm of Eurocentrism or “Discovering History in China,” the comparative analytical paradigm discovers China through long-term comparisons with corresponding countries in the same time and space in an effort to find positive elements in the history of the Chinese road and to refute the long prevalent theory of Chinese stagnation. Seen over the course of world history, the impetus for the creation of the world’s most brilliant agrarian civilization was endogenous. This impetus was not a momentary “explosive force” but a sustainable institutional drive whose main constituents were the independent farming household, endogenous government capacity and adaptive national governance. In addition to the main theme of “permanent change,” Chinese development had a secondary theme of “cyclical change” which cannot be ignored. The roots of Chinese development are buried deep in the genes of this agrarian nation in the form of sticky institutions, bureaucratic inertia, arbitrary power, etc. Historical continuity provided a foundation for China’s creative revolution and development in modern times, ultimately laying down a socialist development road with Chinese characteristics, although this remains an unfinished relay process.     

A new stratified three-stage unrelated randomized response model for estimating a rare sensitive attribute based on the Poisson distribution

This article suggests an efficient method of estimating a rare sensitive attribute which is assumed following Poisson distribution by using three-stage unrelated randomized response model instead of the Land et al. model (2011 Land, M., S. Singh, and S. A. Sedory. 2011. Estimation of a rare sensitive attribute using poisson distribution. Statistics 46 (3):351–60. doi:10.1080/02331888.2010.524300.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) when the population consists of some different sized clusters and clusters selected by probability proportional to size(:pps) sampling. A rare sensitive parameter is estimated by using pps sampling and equal probability two-stage sampling when the parameter of a rare unrelated attribute is assumed to be known and unknown.

We extend this method to the case of stratified population by applying stratified pps sampling and stratified equal probability two-stage sampling. An empirical study is carried out to show the efficiency of the two proposed methods when the parameter of a rare unrelated attribute is assumed to be known and unknown.     

论问题素养的创新驱动功能及教学培养机制

在问题与创新的逻辑关系中，是创新主体的问题素养内在而有效地驱动着创新。问题素养具有生命本然性、生活养成性、结构综合性、品质卓越性和人格指向性等丰富内涵，是由问题意识、问题境界、问题加工、问题体验、问题监控、问题解决心向等成分组成的系统结构，具有激发创新意识、引导创新精神、转化创新能力、承载创新行为和判定创新价值的驱动功能。问题素养培养的主渠道是课堂教学，应采取教学评价机制、信念突破机制、活动生成机制、模仿学习机制、专门训练机制和底蕴孕育机制，来培养和提升学生的问题素养。     

From salons to the native reserve: reformulating the “native question” through pictorial photography in 1950s South Africa

The article provides a critical reflection on the practice of photographic salon exhibitions in the 1950s. In South Africa and abroad, there was a resurgence of photographic societies from the early 1950s that encouraged amateur photographers to create images based on a distinct visual grammar, thereby offering them not only an opportunity to display their work but to compete amongst each other. Subsequently, salon exhibitions produced work that would be judged on its pictorial rather than strict representational value thereby depoliticising the exhibition space. On the other hand, this article seeks to place this practice in the realm of racial segregation under apartheid by considering the deployment of the “black subject” in the native rural reserve in Joseph Denfield’s (1911–1967) work. Through a study of his ethnographic photographs which were exhibited internationally in this period as pictorial work, as well as his intellectualisation of his practice as native photography, it argues that the space of the salon allowed him to pose the “native question” pictorially, that is, provided a discourse through which the “native” could be “known” and ordered.