Legislative responses to wrongful conviction: Do partisan principals and advocacy efforts influence state-level criminal justice policy?

The number of discovered wrongful criminal convictions (and resulting exonerations) has increased over the past decade. These cases erode public confidence in the criminal justice system and trust in the rule of law. Many states have adopted laws that aim to reduce system errors but no study has examined why some states appear more willing to provide due process protections against wrongful convictions than others. Findings from regression estimates suggest that states with a Republican controlled legislature or more Republican voters are less likely to pass these laws while the presence of advocacy organizations that are part of the ‘innocence movement’ make legislative change more likely. We thus identify important differences in the political and social context between U.S. states that influence the adoption of criminal justice policies.     

弱势群体公法保护视野下的社会帮扶问题

弱势群体保护问题是当今社会，尤其是公法学界所面临的严峻课题。为了有效应对这一问题，应采用比较研究、实证研究、文献研究的方法，在继续完善传统公法意义上的相关保障性制度的基础上，积极构建弱势群体的社会帮扶制度。弱势群体的社会帮扶制度一方面以服务行政理论为理论依据，要求弱势群体保护由当下的“政治负责”向“社会负责”过渡；另一方面，社会帮扶制度又以公共服务理论为理论支撑，要求政府由高权强制型向怀柔服务型转变。在实践中，弱势群体的社会帮扶制度应遵循政府与社会“两条腿走路”的基本逻辑，而该制度的构建应秉承若干基本思路：破除观念束缚，培育和构建公民社会；丰富社会主体形式，弥补行政保障不足；完善其他社会帮扶途径。     

浅谈我国古代文艺作品中的影射技法

影射 ,作为一种文学技巧 ,最先出现在《诗经》 ,日后由于意识形态变化的原因 ,并在儒家文学观的指引下 ,逐渐推广到辞赋、散文、小说、词曲和戏剧所有文学领域 ,表现形式也由单一的比喻象征发展到多种类型 ,形成姿态横生、形式大备、羽翼丰满的艺术手段     

Statistical Distributions of Daily Breathing Rates for Narrow Age Groups of Infants and Children

Children may be more susceptible to toxicity from some environmental chemicals than adults. This susceptibility may occur during narrow age periods (windows), which can last from days to years depending on the toxicant. Breathing rates specific to narrow age periods are useful to assess inhalation dose during suspected windows of susceptibility. Because existing breathing rates used in risk assessment are typically for broad age ranges or are based on data not representative of the population, we derived daily breathing rates for narrow age ranges of children designed to be more representative of the current U.S. children's population. These rates were derived using the metabolic conversion method of Layton (1993) and energy intake data adjusted to represent the U.S. population from a relatively recent dietary survey (CSFII 1994–1996, 1998). We calculated conversion factors more specific to children than those previously used. Both nonnormalized (L/day) and normalized (L/kg-day) breathing rates were derived and found comparable to rates derived using energy estimates that are accurate for the individuals sampled but not representative of the population. Estimates of breathing rate variability within a population can be used with stochastic techniques to characterize the range of risk in the population from inhalation exposures. For each age and age-gender group, we present the mean, standard error of the mean, percentiles (50th, 90th, and 95th), geometric mean, standard deviation, 95th percentile, and best-fit parametric models of the breathing rate distributions. The standard errors characterize uncertainty in the parameter estimate, while the percentiles describe the combined interindividual and intra-individual variability of the sampled population. These breathing rates can be used for risk assessment of subchronic and chronic inhalation exposures of narrow age groups of children.     

Assessing goodness-of-fit of categorical regression models based on case-control data

Demonstrated equivalence between a categorical regression model based on case‐control data and an I‐sample semiparametric selection bias model leads to a new goodness‐of‐fit test. The proposed test statistic is an extension of an existing Kolmogorov–Smirnov‐type statistic and is the weighted average of the absolute differences between two estimated distribution functions in each response category. The paper establishes an optimal property for the maximum semiparametric likelihood estimator of the parameters in the I‐sample semiparametric selection bias model. It also presents a bootstrap procedure, some simulation results and an analysis of two real datasets.     

论重庆弱势群体的救助方略

在今天社会大变革、政府大转型之时,对弱势群体给予特殊的就业援助,对稳定社会具有重要的现实意义。为此,详实地分析了重庆市弱势群体的类型,以及市政府采取的及时有效的救援措施,并提出了一些相应对策。     

论东汉王朝对北匈奴的政策

于谓汉欺之 ,谋欲犯塞 ;谓宜还南所掠生口 ,以慰安其意。”章帝从袁安议 ,许之 ,令“度辽及领中郎将庞奋倍雇南部所得生口 ,以还北虏 ;其南部斩首获生 ,计功受赏如常科”。企图平衡南、北匈奴的关系。由上可知 ,在光武帝建武二十七年至和帝永元元年 (公元 5 1- 89年 )期间 ,北匈奴或因“惧于见伐” ,或因欲与汉合市 ,多次遣使求和亲 ,而东汉王朝则出于“冀其交通 ,不复为寇”的目的 ,与北匈奴保持了时断时续的通使、合市关系。当然 ,由于北匈奴时时寇边侵掠以及东汉王朝在处理南、北匈奴问题上的摇摆性 ,东汉王朝对北匈奴采取的以通使、合市…     

Weakly implementable social choice rules

Previous investigations have shown that a social choice function which is partially implementable must be characterized by pervasive veto power. This paper investigates how much additional latitude in the design of social choice functions, and how much relief from this vetoers result, can be achieved by examining multi-valued social choice rules and relaxing the requirement of partial implementability to a requirement that we call weak partial implementability. We find that the power structures which characterize partially implementable social choice functions, including the veto properties, also characterize weakly partially implementable social choice rules. The conclusion is that invoking multi-valuedness and implementation of appealing social choice rules in strong Nash equilibria. Our results apparently exhaust the possibilities for implementation in strong Nash equilibrium. If any implementation possibility results are to be achieved, they can apparently come only by weakening the equilibrium requirement.     

民族院校新闻传播学科发展的路径选择

民族院校应该是以全面服务于非主流族群作为自身的基本定位，民族院校的新闻传播学科要在准确理解这一定位的基础上确立自身的发展路径，以鲜明的特色建构来强化自身的学科核心竞争力。     

清时对钗黛形象的阐释研究——钗黛形象接受史研究系列之一

清代评论者对钗黛形象的理解与阐释,是<红楼梦>无限发展的接受链条上的第一环,他们对钗黛形象的理解,在很大程度上奠定了后人理解的基础;他们对钗黛形象理解的丰富性和差异性,以及在评论过程中流露出的强烈的主体心态,其背后复杂的原因值得我们探究.