从无差异到差异——2008年诺贝尔经济学奖得主理论评介

保罗·克鲁格曼因其在国际贸易和经济地理领域所做的开创性贡献获得2008年诺贝尔经济学奖。本文从国际贸易和经济地理两个领域对克鲁格曼的理论贡献进行介绍和评论,梳理其理论产生的背景和发展脉络,并阐释理论体系中的重要概念和经济思想。     

Discrete Linnik Weibull distribution

Abstract

We introduce a new family of distributions using truncated discrete Linnik distribution. This family is a rich family of distributions which includes many important families of distributions such as Marshall–Olkin family of distributions, family of distributions generated through truncated negative binomial distribution, family of distributions generated through truncated discrete Mittag–Leffler distribution etc. Some properties of the new family of distributions are derived. A particular case of the family, a five parameter generalization of Weibull distribution, namely discrete Linnik Weibull distribution is given special attention. This distribution is a generalization of many distributions, such as extended exponentiated Weibull, exponentiated Weibull, Weibull truncated negative binomial, generalized exponential truncated negative binomial, Marshall-Olkin extended Weibull, Marshall–Olkin generalized exponential, exponential truncated negative binomial, Marshall–Olkin exponential and generalized exponential. The shape properties, moments, median, distribution of order statistics, stochastic ordering and stress–strength properties of the new generalized Weibull distribution are derived. The unknown parameters of the distribution are estimated using maximum likelihood method. The discrete Linnik Weibull distribution is fitted to a survival time data set and it is shown that the distribution is more appropriate than other competitive models.     

A backward construction and simulation of correlated Poisson processes

In this paper, we consider a generalisation of the backward simulation method of Duch et al. [New approaches to operational risk modeling. IBM J Res Develop. 2014;58:1–9] to build bivariate Poisson processes with flexible time correlation structures, and to simulate the arrival times of the processes. The proposed backward construction approach uses the Marshall–Olkin bivariate binomial distribution for the conditional law and some well-known families of bivariate copulas for the joint success probability in lieu of the typical conditional independence assumption. The resulting bivariate Poisson process can exhibit various time correlation structures which are commonly observed in real data.     

农业的外部性及补偿研究

认为农业对一个国家和社会具有生态等多种贡献,这些贡献使农业具有正外部性的特点,但不合理的农业活动也会造成负外部影响。外部性内化是处理外部性问题的基本思路,对农业的正外部性应予以补偿,而对于农业的负外部影响应予以矫正。继而指出要使农业外部性内化就应改变对农业的补贴环节,并采取相应配套政策措施,以使农业得到应有的发展。     

康德启蒙的麦克卢汉延伸

康德启蒙的延宕不仅因为启蒙自身的复杂性,其根源在于作为印刷时代的意识形态,它具有视觉性局限、世俗性悖论和技术性困难。通过对麦克卢汉所述电子时代文化的听觉性、神圣性和技艺性的分析,它们或可成为电子时代启蒙的希望。这样,媒介学家麦克卢汉将进入启蒙问题,实现对康德启蒙的麦克卢汉延伸。     

Rethinking industrial citizenship: the role and meaning of work in an age of austerity

T. H. Marshall in his famous tract Citizenship and Social Class wrote briefly about what he called ‘industrial citizenship’, a type of belonging rooted in the workplace. Here Marshall's ideas are developed alongside a consideration of Durkheim's Professional Ethics and Civic Morals together with research material from the Guinness Company. It shows the way the Company actively sought to create ‘Guinness citizenship’ within its London brewery. The article draws out the ways in which the significance and potential of work based citizenship for ameliorating the ills of industrial society are clearly articulated in mid‐twentieth century Britain and echo earlier neglected Durkheimian sociological ideas on work. These ideas have real potential to inform contemporary academic and policy debates about the nature of capitalism and the form and content of work now and in the future.     

Durkheim and pierce on suicide and economic change

This paper is an attempt to build upon Pierce's important finding, a confirmation of Durkheim, that any form of economic disruption or change increases suicide. In this paper, certain aspects of Pierce's method are criticized. The analysis of an expanded and updated data set, using analytic techniques designed for time-series data, suggests that economic disruption per se is not as relevant to the suicide rate as are economic hardship and economic deterioration or improvement.     

Endogenous entry in auctions with negative externalities

In this paper, we study the auction to allocate an indivisible good when each potential buyer has a private and independent valuation for the item and suffers a negative externality if a competitor acquires it. In that case, the outside option of each buyer is mechanism-dependent, which implies that participation is endogenous. As several works in the literature have shown, the optimal auction entails strong threats to induce full entry and maximal expected revenue. This results from the full commitment assumption, which ensures that threats are credible. We show that absent credible threats, the entry process does not lead to full participation: the equilibrium entails screening of agents in the entry stage and a trade-off between reserve prices and entry fees. Besides, we discuss the conditions under which the impossibility to use threats does not prevent the seller from ensuring a minimal screening and reaching a high expected revenue.     

马歇尔论影响生产效率的因素

马歇尔的经济学说是现代微观经济学的基础,效率问题,即在投入一定的条件下,使产出最大化的问题是微观经济学研究的核心问题。马歇尔在《经济学原理》中对影响生产效率的三大因素——生产者身体的活力、生产者的能力和组织进行了深入分析。     

《寡妇赞歌》的文化融合主题

葆拉·马歇尔是美国当代最具代表性的黑人女性移民作家之一.其小说《寡妇赞歌》围绕主人公艾维在加勒比海的四天之旅展开其一生寻求文化家园的历程.通过分析艾维无法在美国文化中找到归属感,最终在西印度文化中建构自我的过程,试图揭示小说的文化融合主题,并指出加勒比裔的美国移民后代可以在非洲共同的文化经验中找到文化家园.