改造官僚行政:西方公共行政的理论探索

过去一个世纪是官僚行政迅速发展的历史,也是其不断遭到批判和改造的历史。本文从官僚行政的形成与缺陷出发,分析了新公共行政、新公共管理和新公共服务三个西方主要的公共行政理论对传统官僚行政的批判与反思,以期对我们正确认识官僚行政和我国公共行政学的理论研究有所启示。     

韦伯理性官僚制范畴的再认识

以官僚制原理为基础的传统公共行政模式被认为正被一种以管理为取向的新典范所取代 ,韦伯关于官僚制的经典分析也日益受到批评和怀疑。批评者从官僚制组织低效率和功能失调的现实出发 ,指责韦伯官僚制理论违反经验事实。文章认为 ,批评者以“效率”替代了韦伯理性官僚制理论中“理性”这一中心概念 ,需要新审视这些批评及其结论。韦伯理性官僚制概念的意义不在于提供对现象的细节描述 ,而在于其作为分析工具的价值。     

The complexity of diversity and importance for equitable philanthropy

The current U.S. climate of racial and social injustice has prompted a renewed call for diverse and equitable ways to rethink community philanthropy. Community foundations are vehicles for community philanthropy which offer vast benefits for social improvement and community development. The board of directors ensures these organizations fulfill their mission, making decisions on funding priorities and holding the organization functionally and fiscally responsible. Drawing on constructs of diversity and representative bureaucracy and a case study of Florida community foundations, we suggest that diversity is understood in different ways and the presence of diverse board members may be linked to advancing the interests of diverse communities and in achieving outcomes that assist in the needs of certain social groups. Increased understanding of diversity can improve foundation and philanthropic effectiveness and bring broader social change by promoting equity and social justice among community‐based philanthropic organizations.     

Beyond bureaucracy and entrepreneurialism: Examining the multiple discursive codes informing the work,careers and subjectivities of management graduates

This paper examines how discursive codes and demands associated with ‘bureaucratic and entrepreneurial regimes’ of work and career organization shape the work, careers and subjectivities of management graduates. The study is based on an analysis of 30 narratives of management professionals who graduated from an Austrian business school in the early 1970s or 2000s. Its insights suggest that variegated discursive codes manifest in the graduates’ articulated professional practices and subjectivities, thereby challenging established assumptions regarding the organization of work and careers. While the practices and subjectivities of the 1970s graduates are often informed by codes and demands ascribed to ‘entrepreneurialism’, those of the 2000s graduates are infused with several codes commonly portrayed as ‘bureaucratic’.     

应急管理中缘何出现“信息悖论”现象?——基于中国国家治理视角的考察

信息是国家治理的重要依据。中国国家治理常规机制与运动式治理机制间的矛盾深刻地体现在了日常管理与应急管理的差异之中。当下的治理逻辑必然地要求日常管理采取科层制的非人格化管理模式，对直接上级的负责制形塑了信息沿纵向逐级向上衰减的常规信息传递机制。但在应急管理机制之下，上级应对突发事件的精准决策却有赖于对真实信息的掌握，而常规机制所带来的表象性避责策略则会削弱上级的决策准确性，由此这一张力进一步形塑了中国国家治理在应急管理机制中的“信息悖论”现象。      

‘Street-level bureaucracy,management and the corrupted world of service’

Lipsky's analysis of the implementation gap in welfare policy in ‘Street-level Bureaucracy’ focuses on the problem of front-line discretion but ‘brackets off’ the discretion of senior managers. In this paper I draw on a qualitative study to argue that senior managers can also exercise significant discretion and that their discretion can contribute to the conditions of policy confusion and contradiction, and resource inadequacy that characterise ‘the corrupted world of service’ of front-line discretion. In this context front-line discretion may be used by front-line staff to bridge the policy implementation gap created by senior managers.     

传统官僚制现代流弊与行政管理体制改革的路向选择

中国传统官僚制,是家国同构、高度集权的家产官僚制。它不具备现代官僚制的科学精神、理性精神和法制精神,其浓重的人治传统对当代中国人的观念影响十分深刻。由于中国的市场经济基础、法治环境、非政府组织和公民社会的发展现状与现代官僚制的产生条件有一定距离,因此,当务之急不是模仿新公共管理模式,而是立足中国实际情况,坚决摈弃传统官僚制,学习和借鉴现代官僚制的合理成分。     

逃离中的抵抗与坚守——论卡斯托里亚迪斯走入后马克思主义的思想道路

作为法国后马克思主义的先行者,卡斯托里亚迪斯的早期思想发展长期以来没有得到应有的重视,这在很大程度遮蔽了人们对卡斯托里亚迪斯后马克思主义的独特路径的把握。卡斯托里亚迪斯经历了长达25年的马克思主义行程,这个漫长的思想之旅见证了他从斯大林主义批判到托洛茨基主义批判再到自治理论的初步构想的探索过程,在这种探索中,他努力把自己关于全球官僚资本主义、权力型生产关系概念、自治社会主义等一系列极富原创性的理论观点置于马克思主义的理论框架之内。20世纪50年代末,通过对发达资本主义社会结构变迁以及当代激进政治斗争的转型的考察,通过对马克思经济学著作的批判性解读,卡斯托里亚迪斯开始质疑马克思主义理论,这终于导致他走入后马克思主义的思想道路。卡斯托里亚迪斯的后马克思主义深深植根于一种永不消退并日趋高涨的革命信念之中,不是因为要告别革命而逃离马克思主义,相反,恰恰是因为他要继续革命,他才要构造一种适合于当代激进斗争的后马克思主义理论。     

Ethics Creep: Governing Social Science Research in the Name of Ethics

This article presents an analysis of the Canadian ethics review process by a member of a Research Ethics Board. The author suggests that the new formal system for regulating the ethical conduct of scholarly research is experiencing a form of ethics creep. This is characterized by a dual process whereby the regulatory system is expanding outward to incorporate a host of new activities and institutions, while at the same time intensifying the regulation of activities deemed to fall within its ambit. These tendencies are demonstrated through an analysis of: 1) the scope of research ethics protocols, 2) the concept of harm employed by these boards, 3) the use of informed consent provisions, and 4) the presumption that research participants will remain anonymous. To accentuate the nature of this ethics creep, comparisons are made between the ways in which identical knowledge generation activities are governed within journalism and the academy. The conclusion suggests that one effect of the increasingly formalized research ethics structure is to rupture the relationship between following the rules and acting ethically. Some of the reasons for this creep are highlighted along with the risks that it poses for scholarship.     

对毛泽东“大民主”思想的再认识

“大民主”思想是毛泽东在晚年提出并付诸实践的民主理论。毛泽东提出“大民主”思想的最初目的是反对官僚主义，后来则用于进行政治斗争。“大民主”思想存在严重误区，它违背了民主的本义，忽视了民主的阶级性，违反了民主的程序性，缺乏法律上的精确性。但是，“大民主”作为一种民主政治模式，蕴含着一些合理成分，被视为社会主义民主政治的一种理想形态。而且，毛泽东在进行“大民主”实践时，其理论思维的主观动机和价值取向是值得肯定的。