文化杂合：文学翻译的第三条道路——兼评林语堂译《浮生六记》

一般认为,文学翻译中对于文化差异的处理可分为两种:以源语文化为归宿和以目的语文化为归宿,前者即“异化”,后者即“归化”。异化论与归化论似乎不可调和,而实际上,翻译中没有绝对的异化,也不会有绝对的归化。文化的异质性和文化交流的必要性决定了翻译中文化杂合的必然,文化杂合具有抵抗强势文化的积极意义。异质文化在林语堂译《浮生六记》时的兼容与杂合为我们提供了具体的实例,说明了除异化与归化之外,文化杂合也是文学翻译中处理文化问题的一条成功之路。     

翻译中的"归异"结合

在翻译方法的探讨中,历来存在“归化”与“异化”翻译两大流派。通过探求两者不同的含义和回顾“归异”之争的演变历史与争论焦点,分析了两者各自的优势以及“归化”与“信”,“异化”与“达”之间的矛盾关系,并从翻译工作的实际出发,提出了“‘归化’为主,‘异化’为辅,‘归异’结合”的翻译方法。     

文化因素翻译的首选策略:异化

文化因素翻译中的异化和归化从来就是翻译研究中广泛争论的悖论之一。文章简要回顾了翻译界对此问题的研究历史及现状 ,指出并论证了异化是文化因素翻译的首选策略 ,归化只是辅助办法。     

One step further from detected contradictions in a child welfare unit—a constructive approach to communicate the needs of social work when implementing ICT in social services

Unintended consequences were detected when a new client data system was taken into use in a child welfare unit in the City of Helsinki, the capital of Finland. This paper describes how social work was practiced during this period of change and analyses the phenomena involved. The concept of agency is central in the theoretical frame of this research. The data consist of written documents, participatory observation and the researcher's cooperation with the unit. Based on the data and by using the tools of semiotic sociology, the period of change was described in the form of four intersecting and parallel stories, each with a specific theme. These stories formed the basis for more theorising in which models of action theories were used. The results of this study showed that in the situation of inadequate human resource allocation for social work the data system took on a role of an agent. There was evidence of unintended consequences on the basic task in child welfare as the data system affected the work processes.     

Domesticating insurance,financializing family lives: the case of private health insurance for children in Finland

This article explores the domestication of a financial instrument that is much used in contemporary Finland, but that most of its users do not primarily think about in terms of being a financial instrument: the private health insurance for children. In Finland, all children are covered by social insurance and are entitled to free public health service with very low costs, if any. Yet, some 40 percent of families want to supplement this service with private products. Many fear that the popularity of the private health insurance for children contributes to a vicious circle that ends up weakening the legitimacy of, and the service given by, the public health sector; inequality in the face of health risks threatens to be aggravated, as well. Therefore, this financial instrument has become an object of political controversy. The main question of the article is: how do economic, political and moral valuations become intertwined in the domestication of insurance? The concept of ‘domestication’ is found helpful for analysing the pragmatics of valuation and for appreciating the dynamics and the heterogeneity of forces at play when financialization influences everyday life. The study argues that when financial instruments are appropriated they are also transformed; thus, they should not be viewed as homogeneous tools that have similar effects in all contexts of use. The main empirical materials studied are interviews with families with and without private health insurance policies for their children.     

Emotions and cosmopolitan sociability: Barriers and opportunities for intercultural encounters amongst new Chinese migrants in New Zealand

Emotions matter, particularly in experiences of migration. This article explores how emotions are involved in everyday intercultural encounters and the role of emotions in generating cosmopolitan sociability in the context of migration. The article is based upon qualitative research with 80 Chinese 1st and 1.5 generation migrants in New Zealand. We focus on ‘contact zones’ as social spaces where migrants have uneven opportunities to encounter cultural others and where ‘emotional dissonance’ can emerge through unsuccessful intercultural exchanges. In order to generate a sense of comfort and familiarity in such conflicted spaces, migrants need to invest in ‘emotional labour’ to engage in more cosmopolitan sociability as an attempt to transform ‘contact zone’ to ‘comfort zone’. Through this article we argue that emotions can both promote and encourage, but also undermine and limit the capacity to perform cosmopolitan sociability and build intercultural relations.     

马克思主义中国化时代化大众化整体思想论纲

中国共产党对马克思主义之于中国的认识,从标准提法上看,经历了"马克思主义中国化""马克思主义中国化、大众化""马克思主义中国化、时代化、大众化"的渐进发展历程。但从内在本质意义上讲,马克思主义中国化时代化大众化是一个统一的整体。作为一个整体思想,它具有充分的立论依据、紧密相联的基本内容和重大的综合意义。     

归化、异化翻译策略与翻译伦理

归化与异化的翻译策略是翻译伦理讨论的重点。归化与异化之间不应是简单的二元对立的关系，归化／异化的翻译策略与道德／不道德的翻译之间不存在必然联系。在不同的翻译背景下，二者的伦理性质可能会相互转化。只有在这两种翻译策略相结合时才能产生真正道德的翻译。     

异化与文化意象的传递

充分、如实地传递源语文化意象主要须借助异化手法 ;强调对源语文化意象的如实传递实际上凸显了作为翻译策略的异化法的主导地位 ;异化是一种重要的翻译策略 ,但不可滥用 ,其运用与否以及运用至何种程度为翻译的总体目的、文化意象在文本中的重要程度、译文读者的阅读期待心理等因素所决定     

从名词的汉译浅谈归化与异化翻译的原则

文化的差异能对语言思维产生重大影响,它是翻译中必须要考虑的因素。用归化原则翻译有易为人接受、比较经济的特点;异化无须进行太多加工,可谓是直接"拿来"。翻译中的归化和异化是对文化的差异这一因素进行不同的处理,将两者有机结合,可以促进翻译的发展。归化与异化既相生相克,又相辅相成,这两个原则共同灵活的运用,是翻译发展的必然。