12—15 世纪英国交换经济发展原因探

英国中世纪曾长期被认为是以庄园为基础的自给自足经济. 随着对庄园账簿资料的挖掘和对庄园管理的深入探讨, 自给自足只是中世纪经济发展的一个阶段. 12—15世纪, 领主和农民普遍卷入了广泛的市场交易, 交换经济取得迅速发展. 究其原因, 主要有四个方面: 一是分工获得了较快发展, 非农产业从农业中分离, 为交换经济发展提供了前提; 二是形成了完整的货币体系, 为交换提供了便利的中介工具; 三是市场和集市的广泛建立, 马代替牛成为了主要运输工具, 减少了交易的距离和时间, 降低了交易成本, 是交换经济发展的助推剂; 四是政治经济发展的需求是交换经济持续发展的动力源泉.

Reasons of Exchange Economy Development in England from 12th to 15th Century

Medieval England has been taken grand as self-sufficient economy on the base of manor for a long time.With sor-ting out important sources of manor accounts and the in-depth discussion of estate management, the opinion of self-sufficient econo-my as only a part of meideval development is extensively agreed with.In fact, There is a great progress in the development of ex-change economy in England from12th to 15th century.As far as reasons, four facors are important.Firstly, Division, especially non-aricultural industries seperating from agricultural sections, provides prime condition for exchange development.Secondly, a com-plete system of currency is established as a convenient tool of mediation .Thirdly, Both the foundation of various of markets and exten-sive use of horse stead of cattle as the main means of transport contribute a lot to reduce the distance and time to deal, and therefor, decline the transaction cost.Finally, needs of governance and economy form the source of exchange economy development.