有限怀柔与谨慎合作:明代封贡防卫合作的思维与实践

基于军力的局限,明朝君臣的封贡防卫合作思维一直以明王朝的现实利益特别是王朝军事安全为核心,奉行一种务实性的军事外交政策,其要点在于有限怀柔与谨慎合作。在这种根本的政策思维之下,所谓和平外交、存祀主义、中立主义、干涉主义各种具体的外交政策与策略,皆各得其所、各尽其用,颇有可采,这在明朝有限的封贡防卫合作实践中体现得非常明显。虽然自嘉靖中后期始,特别是万历中期以后,明朝在东南亚海域的外缘封贡防卫体系逐渐被破坏殆尽,以陆上毗邻属国、属部为核心开展的封贡防卫合作也愈加窒碍难行,明朝封贡防卫体系的圈层性收缩与封贡多元诉求的退行性选择日益明显,但仍不脱维护本土安全之要旨,亦可谓世异时移,攻守之势相异,因此不能以汉唐盛时之事苛求于明人。

Limited Huairou and Cautious Cooperation: Thought and Practice of the Ming Dynasty's Tribute Defense Cooperation

During the Ming Dynasty,basing on the limited military force,the Ming Dynasty rulers and officials always took Ming Dynasty realistic benefits especially the dynasty military security as the core,carried out a practical military foreign policy.Under this kind of basic policy thought,the so-called peaceful diplomacy,saving sacrifice to the principle,neutralism,interventionism,all the concrete foreign policies and strategies took their proper place,did their best,and had their redeeming features,which charact...