胡塞尔先验现象学还原的两个步骤和三条道路

《逻辑研究》所取得的具有重大意义的突破在于它发现了世界及其中的对象与它们的被给予方式的内在关联。但是，当胡塞尔试图对这种关联做出进一步的阐明时，却发现自己不得不面对所谓的“人类主体性悖论”--人的主观意识作为世界的一个部分如何能够同时又是整个世界的呈现的前提条件？胡塞尔随后认识到这个悖论是由于没有对经验意识与先验意识进行严格区分造成的，而先验现象学还原则是实行这种区分的行之有效的方法。在试图对这个方法加以进一步完善的过程中，胡塞尔开辟了通向先验意识的三条道路，即：笛卡尔式的道路、现象学的心理学道路与存在论的道路。先验现象学还原一般要经历以下两个步骤：一是把世界及其中的对象还原为通过主观意识被给予的现象；二是将经验意识进一步还原为先验意识，以避免人类主体性悖论。第一条笛卡尔式的道路并未对这两个步骤进行明确的区分，从而导致人们对先验还原的意义的误解和低估，这是胡塞尔不遗余力地试图开辟另外两条道路的原因之所在。

The Two Steps and Three Ways of Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenological Reduction

The meaningful breakthrough of what Logical investigations brought lies in its discovery of subjectivistic aspect of world phenomenon.However,when Husserl tried to elucidate the correlation between world and subjectivity,he encountered the following problem:while human subjectivity is a part of world,how could it play the role as the condition of the world at the same time? This is what is called the paradox of Human Subjectivity.As Husserl realized shortly,the antithesis is caused by the confusion between the empirical consciousness and the transcendental consciousness,which could be clarified by the method of the transcendental phenomenological reduction.For Husserl,there are three different paths to the transcendental reduction:(1) the Cartesian way,(2) phenomenological psychology,(3) ontology.The transcendental reduction consists of the following two steps:firstly,the reduction of the world and the objects to the phenomenon given by consciousness;secondly,the reduction of the empirical consciousness to the transcendental consciousness.Compared with the other two ways,the Cartesian way failed to make a distinction between the above two steps,with the result of the distortion and underestimation of the sense of the transcendental reduction,which can be used to explain why Husserl had tried his best to blaze the other two ways.