障碍研究论述与社会参与：无障碍、通用设计、能力与差异

障碍研究在过去40年的发展奠定了其对公共政策影响的基础。障碍者社会参与的责任逐渐由以往个人承担与调适，转向社会与国家承担。本文简述西方国家障碍研究的两个主要论述--社会模式与普同主义取向，对比这两个主要论述所衍生出的政策：由早期的无障碍设施到通用设计，至最近的能力取向。障碍者参与社会生活与活动是其基本权利的一部分，这项权利内涵具有积极性，需要政府与社会投入资源，改善外部社会结构与环境，使环境对障碍者更为友善，为其社会参与权利提供保障。

Studies on Disability and Social Participation：Barrier Free,Universal Design,Capability and Difference

Disability study as an academic discipline has existed for over four decades in the West. It has tremendous influence on public policies. The burden of providing accessible environment for people with disability has been shifted from individual adjustments to the state and society services. This paper compares the two major models in disability studies-the Social Model and the Universal Model, and their corresponding public policies on three areas of barrier free, universal design and capability approach. People with disability should enjoy the same rights to social participation as their basic human rights. Society and government play a major role in assuring such rights are protected. Providing a disability friendly environment is the key to the success. The Social Model is better recognized than the Universal Model in the West. When it comes to the environmental barriers, the Social Model looks at ways of removing barriers in social environment that restrict life choices for disabled people. The Social Model has undoubtedly made great contribution to the disability rights movement in the past decades. It is not until WHO put forward the model as its core paradigm to define disability and health in ICF in the late 1990s, the world knew very little about Irving Zola’s universal approach. Zola believes that disability is a universal experience of humanity. The model brings our body experience into the discussion of disability experience and places disability as part of everyone’s life experience. Only when we acknowledge the universality of disability, we can demystify the term and stop discrimination. Zola’s ideas and his vision were ahead of his time. When we look at the two models’ accessible designs, the contrast is clear. It makes Zola’s contribution even more appreciated today than ever.