农民专业合作社本质属性及实地考量——基于浙江省15家农民专业合作社的调研

合作社的本质属性即“所有者与惠顾者同一”,以浙江省 15 家农民专业合作社为案例的实证研究表明,87%的合作社与其本质属性不符,合作社的趋利化与公司化特征较为明显。造成这一现象的原因有合作社成员的异质性、政策激励和政府监管机制等。引导合作社的发展,应当将时间与空间都纳入分析范畴。政府应对不同地域,不同发展阶段、层次及合作类型的合作社,采取差异化及动态的引导和激励机制。

The Essence of Farmer Specialized Cooperative and Field Examination：Based on the Survey of 15 Farmer Specialized Cooperatives in Zhejiang Province

At present,the phenomenon of″generalization″and″alienation″of China Farmer Specialized Cooperative arises,which is related to the nature of Farmer Specialized Cooperative. However,there are relatively few studies concerning the nature of the Farmer Specialized Cooperative,and the previous studies have not provided reliable data to monitor whether the Farmer Specialized Cooperative presents its natural attribute in reality.From the transaction cost theory perspective,Farmer Specialized Cooperative is generated in order to achieve economies of scale. It could essentially reduce the high trading costs when individual farmers dealing immediately with external market,and could avoid the defects of the organization of″company″or″company plus peasant,″such as the labor supervision problems,the incompatible incentive mechanism between different subj ects,and the absence of contract enforcement.To realize the unique advantages compared to″company″and″company plus peasant,″Farmer Specialized Cooperative must(1)make the farmers independent in production,and combined in product process and circulation;(2)ensure that the farmers j ointly fund and share the ownership,j ointly provide and enjoy the service,and achieve the unification of benefits between personal and Farmer Specialized Cooperative;(3)insist on the essential attributes of″the possessor and patrons unification.″According to this feature,involving members'right to possess,to use,and to usufruct the Cooperative properties,and their residual claim rights and residual control rights,the standard that″the owners are the patrons″have been realized among more than half of the members was adopted to inspect whether Farmer Specialized Cooperatives are consistent with its real nature in reality.1 5 Farmer Specialized Cooperatives in different organizational forms and different scales from three counties(cities)had been selected,and their production costs and revenues,earnings distribution,the number of returning surplus,shareholding structure,structure of the Council members, decision-making rights on important issues, etc. had been inquired in detail to determine whether Farmer Specialized Cooperatives were consistent with their nature. These cases of 15 Farmer Specialized Cooperatives showed that 86.7% of ordinary members had no decision making rights,and they had a less residual claim rights,and members who owned the right of possession accounted for a small proportion;Farmer Specialized Cooperatives had a weak earning capacity,and half of the 60% net profits of Farmer Specialized Cooperatives were gained by policy subsidies.That is,1 3.3% of the Farmer Specialized Cooperatives exhibited the characteristics of″the owners are the patrons,″and 86.7% of them did not.There was an obvious tendency for Farmer Specialized Cooperatives to seek profits and become corporatized.The reasons lied in the heterogeneity of members, the related policy and institutional environment associated with the Farmer Specialized Cooperatives. Members with different resource endowments had different expectations of cooperative decision-making and property relations arrangement.The major members would expand the scale of cooperatives for high expectations of earnings,but would not transfer″decision-making rights″to absorb ordinary members;and the ordinary members would not give up land rent in order to get″decision-making rights.″The major members could realize their control and usufruct rights on key invest elements by the amount of their shares,while the ordinary could hardly get access to the resources,and they have to accept this arrangement equity structure. The government should adopt differentiated and dynamic guidance and incentives according to different regions,development stages,levels and cooperative types of Farmer Specialized Cooperatives. Multi-types and high-yield of subsidy policy contributed to the alienation of the nature of Farmer Specialized Cooperatives.Local government put emphasis on its function of developing economy,but neglected supervision of standardization of its operation;and it attached more importance to the amount instead of the contents and obj ectives;furthermore,factors like low administrative costs of supporting fake Farmer Specialized Cooperatives also led to an ineffective implementation of relevant laws and regulations,which provided conditions for the alienation of the nature of Farmer Specialized Cooperatives.