论中国历史上的三次制度设计

自三代始，迄于近代，上下四千年。其间，制度设计之事，史不绝书。然而，择其具有原创意义、影响中国历史进程的制度设计，主要有三次，分别出现在周代、秦朝和近代。在中国文化语境中，古代制度设计权属于王和圣，虽为价值有涉，但也使“天下为家”体现出“天下为公”的理想。前两次制度设计以家天下政治为核心，先后形成了王制和帝制的模式；近代以孙中山为首的民族资产阶级的制度设计，效仿法、美模式，开启中国民主制度的先河，奠定了中国政治的基本方向。从历史背景、设计者及思想来源、系统性、创新性、本质性和对外影响来比较，三次制度设计既有相同性也存在着本质差别。三次制度设计对中国历史的进程有重要影响，可以作为中国历史上时代划分的标志。三次制度设计皆发生在中国历史转折时期，其影响之深远，意义之重大，留下了宝贵的历史经验、启示和借鉴。

On three major system designs in the Chinese history

There are almost 4000 years from Xia dynasty to the modern times.During this period , system designs have existed which have been recorded in the history.However, from the aspect of original meaning and influencing the Chinese history progress, there were three major system designs—Zhou dynasty, Qin dynasty and Modern times.In the context of Chinese culture , the ancient system design belongs to emperor and saint .Though it involves the value, it makes the idiom— a world for families express the ideal of a world for all .The former two system designs have regarded Family -Governed Monarchic Country as the core, which have formed the patterns of kingly system and autocratic monarchy.In modern times , the national bourgeoisie leaded by Sun Yat-Sen formed the third system design.It imitated the French and American pattern , which launched the historical beginning of Chinese de-mocracy and laid the basic direction for Chinese politics .Compared from the aspect of historical background , designers and their spiritual sources, systematicness, innovativeness , essence and external influence, three system designs have the same resemblances and the essential differences.They have an important effect on the progress of Chinese history, which are regarded as the marks of di-viding periods in the Chinese history.They all appear in the turning period of Chinese history, whose effects are profound and mean-ing is significant, which has left precious historical experiences, enlightenments and references.